General information Oxycodone is an opioid analgesic that is 1.5 times as potent as morphine and has a longer duration of action. Drug studies Studies of modified-release oxycodone are detailed below under Drug formulations. Comparative studies The postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous ketamine 10 mg and oxycodone 2 mg have been compared in a randomized, double-blind study in 40 tonsillectomized men [ ]. There were no…

See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic drug that is used to treat bladder detrusor instability. It can cause all the adverse reactions that would be expected from its anticholinergic action [ ]. Drug studies Placebo-controlled studies Oxybutynin 15 mg/day has been compared with a newer anticholinergic agent, tolterodine 4 mg/day, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group study in 293 patients with…

See also Anesthetics, local General information Oxybuprocaine is an ester of para-aminobenzoic acid. It is a local anesthetic used in ophthalmology. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information Oxolamine citrate is a synthetic derivative of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxodiazole. It has been used to treat cough in some European countries, initially in Italy [ , ] and later in France [ , ] and elsewhere [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Anticholinergic drugs and Ipratropium bromide General information Oxitropium is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of asthma [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Antiepileptic drugs and Carbamazepine General information Oxcarbazepine is the 10-keto analogue of carbamazepine and a prodrug for monohydroxycarbazepine, to which it is rapidly reduced. Its efficacy and tolerability profiles are similar to those of carbamazepine, from which oxcarbazepine differs in kinetic profile (lack of autoinduction, linear kinetics, half-life of 10–20 hours, elimination by glucuronidation), lower allergenicity, greater antidiuretic activity, possibly slightly better central nervous…

General information When first marketed, the oxazolidinones represented the first truly new class of antibacterial agents to reach the marketplace in several decades [ ]. They have a unique mechanism of action, involving inhibition of the first step in protein synthesis. This unique mechanism of action makes cross-resistance with other antimicrobial agents unlikely. The first marketed member of the class, linezolid, has inhibitory activity against a…

See also Benzodiazepines General information Oxazepam, which is a metabolite of temazepam and desmethyldiazepam, is itself used as a benzodiazepine for the management of insomnia. It is slowly absorbed, has a relatively short half-life (5–15 hours), and is metabolized primarily by glucuronidation [ ]. Drug studies Comparative studies Oxazepam has been compared with Passiflora incarnata extract in a double-blind, randomized trial in 26 out-patients with DSM-IV…

See also Antihistamines General information Oxatomide is a second-generation antihistamine [ ]. Organs and systems You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

General information In controlled studies, oxaprozin caused adverse effects in 23–58% of patients [ ]. It was considered better than aspirin and similar to other NSAIDs in long-term studies [ ]. However, treatment had to be interrupted owing to adverse effects in 8–31% of patients. Organs and systems Nervous system Headache, dizziness, vertigo, and tinnitus are less frequent with oxaprozin than with indometacin or aspirin […

General information Oxamniquine, in doses of 15 mg/kg or in a single oral dose of up to 15 mg/kg bd for 2 days, depending on the sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni in the area concerned, is effective with minimal toxicity. It has no effect in Schistosoma hematobium . It is no longer given intramuscularly, because of severe pain at the injection site. Reactions occur in up to…

See also : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) General information The adverse reactions pattern of oxametacin is similar to that of indometacin. In one study, 17% of 771 patients taking oxametacin had adverse effects, which led to withdrawal of treatment in 87. Gastrointestinal adverse effects accounted for 60% and nervous system reactions (headache, dizziness) for 31% [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…

You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

See also Factor Xa inhibitors, direct General information Otamixaban is direct factor Xa inhibitor [ , ]. Its pharmacokinetics have been studied in healthy men over a wide range of intravenous doses, with durations of administration varying between 1-minute infusions (bolus doses) and 24-hour infusions, using non-compartmental and multicompartmental methods; the half-life was about 0.5 hours [ ]. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a…

General information Osmic acid is injected into joints for chemical synovectomy [ ]. It is associated with local pain, effusions, and fever; skin necrosis is less frequent [ ]. Nerve damage and abnormal urinary findings (hematuria, proteinuria, and leukocyturia) can occur. A potentially dangerous drug, it certainly should not be given to young patients. Drug studies You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for…

See also Adrenoceptor agonists General information Orphenadrine is related to an antihistamine (diphenhydramine), and appears to have been developed in the hope of producing a greater effect in Parkinson’s disease by combining both anticholinergic and antihistaminic effects in a single molecule. In the doses commonly used, any of the well-recognized anticholinergic effects can occur. Some patients become drowsy, whilst others are stimulated. With increasing dosages, some…

See also Benzimidazoles General information Used in single large doses for the treatment of Trichomonas urogenitalis or Giardia infections, ornidazole can cause gastrointestinal symptoms [ ]. Organs and systems Cardiovascular Cardiac arrest has been attributed to intravenous ornidazole in a 10-year-old girl with a brain abscess [ ]. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership…