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Diarrhoea


Diarrhoea is an increased frequency of abnormally loose motions. The diagnosis of diarrhoea must be related to the patient’s normal bowel habit.

Causes

Intestinal

Infective enteritis

Non-specific, bacterial

  • ●

    Campylobacter spp • (rare in tropical Africa)

  • ●

    Salmonella spp • (rare in tropical Africa)

  • ●

    Escherichia coli

  • ●

    Clostridium difficile

  • ●

    Staphylococci

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    Shigella spp

  • ●

    Vibrio cholerae

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    Yersinia enterocolitica • (common in the Indian sub-continent)

Viral, fungal, protozoal

  • ●

    Cryptosporidium spp

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    Giardia lamblia • (more common in children worldwide)

  • ●

    Entamoeba histolytica

Inflammatory

  • ●

    Ulcerative colitis

  • ●

    Crohn’s disease ( Fig. 13 )

    Figure 13, Small bowel enema showing Crohn’s disease .

Malabsorption

  • ●

    Coeliac disease

  • ●

    Blind loop syndrome

  • ●

    Short bowel syndrome

  • ●

    Radiation

Neoplastic

  • ●

    Carcinoma

  • ●

    Villous adenoma

Other intestinal

  • ●

    Diverticular disease • (rare in rural Africa and Asia)

  • ●

    Irritable bowel syndrome

  • ●

    Faecal impaction – overflow diarrhoea

  • ●

    Ischaemic colitis

  • ●

    Ileocolic fistula

Gastric

  • ●

    Post-vagotomy (vagotomy rarely performed nowadays)

Pancreatic

  • ●

    Chronic pancreatitis

  • ●

    Cystic fibrosis

  • ●

    Carcinoma

  • ●

    Pancreatic resection

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