The Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease The insidious nature of progressive uremia deludes many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) into failing to take the opportunity to understand their disease; learn about their dialysis, transplant, and palliative care options; and…
Introduction Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a general term encompassing a range of different treatment modalities for patients with what was formally termed acute renal failure and end-stage kidney disease, which are now called acute kidney injury stage 3 (AKI-3)…
Introduction Solid organ transplant requires the removal of an organ from one individual, the donor, and its placement in the recipient. Whether the donor is living or deceased, this process inevitably requires a temporary cessation of circulation and hence oxygenation,…
The modern period of transplantation began in the late 1950s, but two earlier periods of interest in clinical and experimental transplantation were the early 1950s and the first two decades of the 20th century. Hamilton provides a bibliography of the…
Introduction The treatment of symptomatic focal articular cartilage defects continues to present a clinical dilemma for many orthopedists. Surgical approaches to this problem can be categorized into those that attempt to resurface focal defects through tissue repair or regeneration and…
Articular cartilage is a unique tissue with no vascular, nerve, or lymphatic supply. The lack of vascular and lymphatic circulation may be one of the reasons why articular cartilage has such a poor intrinsic capacity to heal. There is no…
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a pathologic process in which the subchondral bone and the overlying articular cartilage detach from the underlying bony surface. The disease results in subchondral bone loss and destabilization of the overlying articular cartilage, leading to separation…
Articular cartilage is a remarkable tissue with a unique functional architecture that supports multiplanar motion under a wide variety of loading conditions. In the absence of injury, and when allowed to function within its “zone of homeostasis,” human articular cartilage…
Introduction Over the past two decades, fluoroscopy has been used as a tool to perform in vivo analysis of postoperative total joint replacement (TJR) results, primarily knees. The fluoroscope digital images frames when computationally combined with three-dimensional (3D) graphical models…
Introduction Five decades of knee arthroplasty in the Western world have seen periodic modifications in implant design and technique to suit and match the requirements of the white population. The past two decades have seen an unprecedented surge in the…