The phenomenal success of pediatric liver transplantation (LT) for the treatment of end-stage liver disease over the last 30 years has changed how we define their optimal outcome. Increasing surgical experience and safer and more efficient immunosuppression have led to…
Introduction Optimal preparation for pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is accepted to be one of the cornerstones of favorable outcomes. Preparation depends on many factors spanning timely referral to emergent management at the time of an organ offer. Most of these…
Introduction Liver transplantation has become the standard of care for children with an array of disease processes. Collectively, progressive hepatic disease with complications of end-stage liver disease (ESLD), metabolic disease with and without hepatic structural involvement, pediatric acute liver failure…
Introduction For many end-stage organ diseases, transplantation remains the most effective and often the only option for curative treatment. This is especially true for liver disease, where supportive care and disease-specific therapies are the only treatment options readily available for…
Introduction The ultimate goal for a pediatric liver transplant (LT) program is for transplant recipients to live a normal lifespan free from disease recurrence or long-term morbidity. The healthcare needs of transplant recipients range in extremes from critical care early…
Introduction Clinical liver transplantation stems from the pioneering work of Professor Thomas Starlz in Denver, Colorado, where he attempted the first human liver transplantation on March 1, 1963. The recipient was a 3-year-old child with biliary atresia, who unfortunately died…
Principal Historical Milestones and Breakthroughs Technical Aspects The basic technique of orthotopic liver transplantation was developed in dogs by Thomas E. Starzl in the early 1960s; the dog I watched myself when I was a research fellow with him in…
Foot and Ankle General Guidelines Preoperative antibiotics are given half an hour before the incision is made Placing a bump beneath the appropriate hip can facilitate access to the desired part of the foot/ankle, which is especially important when considering…
Regional Anatomy Osteology Distal Femur ( Fig. 7-1 ) The femur (the largest bone in the body) flares distally and forms two condyles—a larger medial condyle and a longer and more narrow lateral femoral condyle The intercondylar area serves as…
Regional Anatomy and Surgical Intervals Regional Anatomy Osteology Pelvis ( Figs. 6-1 and 6-2 ) Iliac crest (palpable throughout its entire length) Landmark for several skin incisions External lip Iliac tubercle (outer surface of iliac crest about 5 cm posterior to…