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The Wrist
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Category Radiology
The Elbow
Elbow Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP External oblique Lateral 2 Elbow joint effusions and the fat pad sign Visible posterior fat pad Elevation of the anterior fat pad, the sail sign 3 Common sites of injury in adults Radial head…
The Shoulder
Shoulder Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP external rotation AP internal rotation Axillary view Y-view Grashey (posterior oblique) view 2 Common sites of injury in adults Fractures Midshaft of clavicle Avulsion of the greater tuberosity of the humerus Surgical neck of…
Peripheral Nerve Imaging: The Carpal Tunnel
The most common peripheral nerve compression syndrome is compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. The median nerve innervates the wrist and sends cutaneous sensory branches to innervate the palm, the palmar aspect of the first three…
Imaging of the Sacral Plexus
The sacral plexus and sciatic nerve are formed within the pelvis from contributions of the ventral nerve roots of L4 through S4. The sciatic nerve originates from the sacral plexus within the pelvis and then exits the pelvis through the…
Imaging of the Brachial Plexus
The brachial plexus is the name given to the plexus of nerves formed by the lower four ventral cervical roots (C5-C8) and the first thoracic ventral root (T1) as they emerge from the spinal cord, intermingle, realign, and emerge from…
Complications of Surgery for Decompression of Spinal Stenosis and Disc Disease
Successful surgery for spondylosis and disc disease relieves the initial symptoms and, for cases in which stabilization is performed, provides solid fusion at the operative site. Complications of surgery can include failure to relieve the symptoms, failure of fusion, and…
Vertebral Body Augmentation Procedures: Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
Compression fractures of vertebral bodies affect approximately 750,000 people each year in the United States and up to 25% of postmenopausal women. The leading cause of vertebral compression fractures is osteoporosis, a disease that affects 44 million Americans. Younger patients…
Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring
First described more than 40 years ago, intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) is now used routinely in many surgical procedures that carry risk to the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. These include closure of intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations;…
Imaging Preparation for Surgery
The spine and the peripheral nervous system remain diagnostically challenging to image owing to the extensive bony canal, relatively small size of the neural elements, and multiplicity of clinical symptoms. A wide variety of techniques are available for imaging the…