Airspace consolidation is defined as replacement of gas within the airspaces by fluid, protein, cells, or other material. Consolidation is characterized on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) by the presence of one or more fairly homogeneous opacities associated with obscuration…
Radiography Technique Projections The standard radiographic views for evaluation of the chest are the posteroanterior (PA) and lateral projections with the patient standing; such projections provide the essential requirement for proper three-dimensional (3D) assessment ( Fig. 1.1 ). In patients…
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Elbow Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP External oblique Lateral 2 Elbow joint effusions and the fat pad sign Visible posterior fat pad Elevation of the anterior fat pad, the sail sign 3 Common sites of injury in adults Radial head…
Shoulder Checklists 1 Radiographic examination AP external rotation AP internal rotation Axillary view Y-view Grashey (posterior oblique) view 2 Common sites of injury in adults Fractures Midshaft of clavicle Avulsion of the greater tuberosity of the humerus Surgical neck of…
The most common peripheral nerve compression syndrome is compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel. The median nerve innervates the wrist and sends cutaneous sensory branches to innervate the palm, the palmar aspect of the first three…
The sacral plexus and sciatic nerve are formed within the pelvis from contributions of the ventral nerve roots of L4 through S4. The sciatic nerve originates from the sacral plexus within the pelvis and then exits the pelvis through the…
The brachial plexus is the name given to the plexus of nerves formed by the lower four ventral cervical roots (C5-C8) and the first thoracic ventral root (T1) as they emerge from the spinal cord, intermingle, realign, and emerge from…
Successful surgery for spondylosis and disc disease relieves the initial symptoms and, for cases in which stabilization is performed, provides solid fusion at the operative site. Complications of surgery can include failure to relieve the symptoms, failure of fusion, and…