Introduction Commoner causes of groin discomfort in the general population include inguinal hernias and muscle strains in the lower abdominal wall and upper thigh. Muscular strains in this group of patients often do not present to a primary care physician…
Introduction Although a comprehensive hip examination will be described, in the majority of cases the examination is focused on the particular presenting symptom. Potential causes of anterior hip pain extend from the pubic symphysis to the hip joint itself. Patients…
Introduction This section will be divided into abnormalities that occur on the flexor side and those that occur on the extensor side of the fingers. Each section will deal separately with disorders of tendons and ligaments and retinacula. The flexor…
Introduction Like the wrist, most patients with finger pathology are examined seated opposite the examiner. Interventional procedures can be carried out with the patient prone and their hand extended above their head if there is anxiety or fainting risk. Position…
Neural Entrapment Carpal Tunnel Syndrome The carpal tunnel is formed posteriorly by the carpal bones and extrinsic ligaments, and anteriorly by the flexor retinaculum or transverse carpal ligament, a thin fibrous band which inserts into the scaphoid and trapezium on…
Tendon Disease Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Instability The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon passes through the sixth extensor compartment, a fibroosseous tunnel over the distal 2 cm of the ulna. Key Point The ECU subsheath is a retinaculum, separate from the extensor…
Tendon Disease De Quervain's Disease De Quervain's disease is an overuse tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons in the first extensor compartment (EC). Low-grade chronic microtrauma is thought to underlie the condition, leading to localized…
Forearm Anatomy The anatomy of the forearm in one sense is as straightforward as the arm in that there are only two compartments, flexor and extensor, separated by an interosseous membrane. It is made a little trickier, however, as the…
Introduction The differential diagnosis of pain in the posterior elbow includes olecranon bursitis, joint disease, triceps disease, as well as less common causes, including olecranon stress fractures and posterior impingement syndromes. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership…
Introduction The principal structures of interest in the anterior elbow are the biceps and brachialis tendons. The biceps tendons form from its two muscle bellies and each inserts, close to one another, on the radial tuberosity. The two muscle heads…