Retarded skeletal maturation Chronic ill-health 1. Congenital heart disease —particularly cyanotic. 2. Renal failure. 3. Inflammatory bowel disease * . 4. Malnutrition. 5. Rickets * . 6. Maternal deprivation. Endocrine disorders 1. Hypothyroidism —severe retardation (≥5 standard deviations below the…
Solitary acute intracranial haemorrhage 1. Intracerebral . (a) Hypertension —basal ganglia, pons, cerebellum. (b) Cerebral amyloid angiopathy —lobar location, peripheral microhaemorrhages (often multifocal). (c) Haemorrhagic lesions —e.g. metastases, primary tumours, infarcts. (d) Traumatic —more commonly multifocal (see Section 13.3 ).…
Parapharyngeal space lesions The parapharyngeal space (PPS) contains primarily fat, small vessels and small nerves. It lies between the parotid, masticator, carotid and pharyngeal mucosal spaces. Primary pathology in the PPS is rare (e.g. schwannoma, branchial cleft cyst, venolymphatic malformations…
In UK practice, breast abnormalities are evaluated as part of a ‘triple assessment’ process: clinical examination, imaging and subsequent image-guided tissue diagnosis. All breast-imaging tests are assigned a numerical score from 1 to 5 with a prefix for each score:…
Gynaecological imaging 10.1 common indications for gynaecological ultrasound Primary amenorrhoea 1. Constitutional delay. 2. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). 3. Congenital genitourinary malformation—broad range of anomalies, see Fig. 10.2 . 4. Gartner duct cyst. 5. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)—Y chromosome…
Incidental adrenal mass (unilateral) Common incidental finding on CT. A mass <3 cm in diameter is likely to be benign and a mass >5 cm in diameter is probably malignant. On unenhanced CT, 98% of homogeneous adrenal masses with an attenuation of…
Intraluminal gallbladder lesions 1. Gallstones —single or multiple, small or large. ~80% are radiolucent on plain film, but ~80% are visible on CT. Often calcified, may contain central fat or gas. Typically mobile, but can be adherent to the GB…
Pneumoperitoneum Plain film signs include: Erect CXR —free gas under diaphragm or liver. Can detect 10 ml of gas. Takes 10 minutes for all gas to rise. Supine AXR —most sensitive signs are often in the right upper quadrant. Gas outlines…
Gross cardiomegaly on CXR 1. Ischaemic heart disease —and other cardiomyopathies. 2. Pericardial effusion —globular (supine radiograph) or flask-shaped heart (erect radiograph), crisp cardiac outline (as the effusion masks ventricular wall motion). 3. Multivalve disease —particularly regurgitation. 4. Congenital heart…
Tracheal/bronchial narrowing, mass or occlusion Airway narrowing may occur at any site from below the level of the vocal cords down to the segmental/subsegmental airways. In the lumen 1. Mucous plug —e.g. asthma, cystic fibrosis, ABPA. Low density, usually contains…