Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printed anatomic models and guides designed from volumetric medical imaging data are used clinically to provide increased comprehension of anatomy, more exact pathology evaluation, and more precise surgical intervention. Historically, obtaining a 3D printed patient-specific anatomic model…
Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping, originated in the 1980s and encompasses various processes that create physical 3D objects by fabricating them layer by layer from a digital file. , Whether the 3D printed…
Introduction The process of creating a physical three-dimensional (3D) printed model from medical imaging data is complicated and involves numerous steps. In order for a patient-specific anatomic model to be suitable for 3D printing, segmented anatomical regions of interest must…
Introduction In medical imaging, a three-dimensional (3D) image, or volume, is often acquired by stacking up a series of two-dimensional (2D) slice images. Just as 2D images are made up of pixels, 3D volumes such as computed tomography (CT) or…
Medical imaging technologies, which allow us to “see into” and understand living systems, play a significant role in biology and medicine. The X-ray has paved the way for many high-tech medical imaging technologies that are used today including computed tomography…
Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are now entering their fourth decade of use and many medical applications now are very well established and optimized. Despite this, many in the medical field are surprised to hear that 3D printing is not…
Introduction Perinatal/paediatric pathology is a medical subspecialty with particular expertise in diseases affecting the placenta, fetus, infant and child. In the United Kingdom, paediatric pathology has evolved rapidly over recent decades from a small area of practice for general histopathologists,…
Introduction Over the last ten years, the interest of radiologists and obstetricians in imaging the unborn child by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has grown significantly, not least facilitated by accelerated technical developments, especially in terms of fast imaging…
Introduction to Fetal Tumours Fetal tumours are fortunately rare. They can be associated with serious illness or even death in the fetal or neonatal period and the prenatal diagnosis of fetal tumours may have significant implications on the well-being of…
Red Cell Disorders Causes of Fetal Anaemia Rhesus D Alloimmunization Rhesus D (RhD) alloimmunization is the major cause of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Over the past 40 years, the incidence of HDFN has fallen dramatically due…