Introduction With approximately 1.3 million new cases worldwide predicted for 2018, prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous male cancer. In Western countries, one in every nine men will be diagnosed with PCa at a certain moment in their…
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Definition Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) refers to malignant changes of the uroepithelial cells lining the urinary tract anywhere from the renal calyces to the ureteral orifice. Epidemiology Urothelial carcinoma is relatively common worldwide, and its…
History of Transplantation Renal transplantation was first successfully performed in 1950 in the United States but was limited due to the lack of immunosuppression therapy. Further success was experienced between identical twins where immunosuppression was not required. Cadaveric transplantation became…
Methods of Analysis Plain Abdominal Radiography The plain abdominal radiograph (KUB—kidneys, ureters, bladder) is not used to diagnose a renal mass. Loss of the psoas margin or displacement of retroperitoneal fat may occasionally suggest the presence of one, as may…
Congenital Anomalies Normal Development Detailed embryological development of the kidneys and ureters will not be described in detail. The kidney precursors initially develop in the pelvis and ascend to their normal positions lateral to the proximal lumbar spine by 8…
Introduction This chapter describes clinically important aspects of urinary tract imaging with specific reference to anatomy, techniques and radiation. We begin with an outline of urinary tract embryology in order to place urinary tract anatomy and many anatomical variations into…
Haematuria Haematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in urine. Radiological referral of selected patients is often necessary as part of clinical management for this problem; however, the optimal method of patient selection and the best imaging algorithm…
Embryology The pancreas develops in two parts, both of which arise from the endoderm of the primitive duodenum. The dorsal part (or anlage) is the first to appear, as a diverticulum from the dorsal wall of the duodenum. This eventually…
Biliary Anatomy The intrahepatic pattern of bile duct branching is best described according to the system of Healey and Schroy, to which can be applied the Couinaud system for numbering segments. The typical pattern and its variations are shown in…
Liver Anatomy The liver has a dome-shaped superior surface following the diaphragm contours, extending anteriorly to the inferior edge of the liver. The major surface landmark is a sagittal groove containing the ligamentum teres (formerly umbilical vein), within the falciform…