Introduction This chapter is divided into three main sections. The first two include discussion of well-known prognostic/predictive markers—namely, steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and progesterone) and one of the most well-studied oncogenes in breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2…
The world of imaging continues to change thanks to advances in the field of breast imaging. Improvements in diagnosis, imaging, computer-assisted detection, surgical approach, therapy, and staging, to name a few, have contributed to the growth of this important field.…
Systematic screening of women by mammography and clinical examination has resulted in early diagnosis of breast cancer and a 25% to 30% decrease in mortality. Early breast cancer can be cured with locoregional treatment alone in some cases. However, subclinical…
The subspecialty of breast pathology has grown in complexity as the needs of the end users of our reports have increased in complexity. More sensitive imaging techniques have allowed for identification of clinically and often grossly nonapparent lesions. New surgical…
Despite the long-standing worldwide attention given to the fight against breast cancer, this disease remains a serious illness that affects the physical and emotional well-being of many individuals around the world. As a global public health problem, breast cancer is…
Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in American women other than skin cancers. The average woman in the United States has a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer of about 13%. The American Cancer Society estimates that about…
Breast infection is uncommon in the United States, yet it still occurs, even in neonates. It usually affects women between 18 and 50 years of age. Breast infections in adults can be divided into two basic types: lactational and nonlactational…
Benign, reactive, and inflammatory tumorous conditions of the breast are the most common reasons patients undergo breast biopsies. Benign conditions account for the majority of breast biopsies, and reactive or inflammatory conditions comprise the majority of pathological findings in this…
Normal Breast The breasts are the distinguishing feature of mammals. The word mammal is derived from mamma which is the Latin term for breast. The breasts have evolved as milk-producing organs to provide appropriate nourishment for offspring and other benefits…
Introduction Bone is one of the most common anatomic sites for metastases, along with the lungs and liver, and metastases are the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms encountered in the skeleton. Metastases are far more frequent in bone than are primary…