Introduction This chapter is based on the author's previous publications on this topic. Management of patients with primary melanoma in vertical growth phase who have no evidence of regional nodal metastases on palpation or ultrasound has been controversial for many…
Introduction Anatomy and histology of the conjunctiva The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers the surface of the eyeball and posterior aspect of the eyelid that functions to protect the eye and allow the eyelids to move smoothly over…
Melanoma Clinical features Over the last several decades, the conspicuous increasing incidence of this malignant neoplasm has made this disease more prominent, linked to some rise in morbidity and mortality. While roughly half of the major cancers in the United…
Ephelide Clinical features Ephelides (freckles) are extremely common lesions that present as clusters of small (approximately 2.0 mm in diameter), uniformly pigmented macules ( Fig. 25.1 ). They are directly related to exposure to sunlight and are much more conspicuous in…
Epidermal nevi Clinical features Epidermal nevi are of the following three subtypes, which are histologically identical and differ only in the degree of clinical involvement: nevus verrucosus, nevus unius lateris, ichthyosis hystrix (this has no relationship to ichthyosis). Lesions, which…
Introduction Nail histopathology requires a sound knowledge of the anatomy of the nail apparatus and excellent clinical-pathological correlation. The first major challenge for the nail histopathologist is to obtain interpretable biopsies, i.e., specimens that are correctly sampled by the nail…
Introduction A distinctive phenomenon of the human evolutionary process is the loss of a great proportion of the body hair. Vestiges of hair remain in areas such as the scalp, axillae, genital areas, and face. Among the many species of…
Introduction Improved and detailed understanding of the molecular basis of many of the diseases in this chapter continues to progress. While Ehlers-Danlos has been well understood for many years, our understanding has further expanded and a new classification scheme systematizes…
Disorders of Hypopigmentation Vitiligo Clinical features Vitiligo is a common acquired disease of unknown etiology characterized by loss of melanocytes resulting in macular areas of leukoderma that progressively enlarge and often become confluent. The incidence has been calculated as between…
Introduction UNAIDS estimates that globally 36.7 million people, including 2.1 million children, were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in 2016. The number of people who acquired HIV infection in 2016 was 1.8 million. Since the start of the…