Introduction Fractures of the tibial shaft are defined as occurring 5 cm proximal to the tibial plafond and distal to the tibial plateau. The subcutaneous location of the tibia makes it a common site for open fractures and perioperative wound complications.…
Introduction The diagnosis and treatment of a malunion or nonunion about the knee should be approached systematically. A malunion is defined as a fully healed fracture resulting in a deformity of the bone. To identify a malunion about the knee…
Introduction Tibial plateau fractures, inclusive of articular fractures of the proximal tibia and adjacent metaphysis, accounted for 1.2% of the fractures treated in Edinburgh's population of more than 500,000 during the year 2000, ranking 16th of the 27 reported anatomic…
Pathology Relevant Anatomy Key Points Knee dislocations and knee instabilities are characterized by anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial directions. Combinations of the main components cause rotational instability. The anatomic areas of insertion are of paramount importance for both the reinsertion…
Anatomy The extensor mechanism of the lower leg consists of the following: 1. The four muscles of the quadriceps : Muscle Origin Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac spine/groove Vastus intermedius Anterior/lateral femur Vastus lateralis Greater trochanter/lateral lip of linea aspera…
Pathology Relevant Anatomy The distal end of the femur traditionally encompasses the lower third of this bone. This zone varies greatly in the literature, from the distal 7.6 cm to the distal 15 cm of the femur; another definition is that the…
Acknowledgments This chapter is adapted with permission from the following review paper: Leong NL, Petrigliano FA, McAllister DR. Current tissue engineering strategies in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res A . 2014;102:1614–1624. Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture…
Modern intra-articular anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive techniques produce clinically stable ligament reconstruction in the majority of cases. In ACL reconstruction, however, the strength of the grafted tendon is reduced in the early phase after surgery, and then it gradually…
Introduction Historically, anterior laxity in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees was treated surgically by isolated tenodesis, as described by Lemaire or MacIntosh. This procedure was largely abandoned in favor of single-bundle intra-articular ACL reconstruction, because although it effectively limited…
Introduction Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a serious injury of the knee joint that results in instability. The stability of the knee thought to have an ACL injury is traditionally evaluated with an arthrometer (i.e., KT-1000) while the patient…