The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Marybeth Ezaki and Peter Carter. Introduction Very few congenital anomalies of the upper limb can be restored to normal function and appearance. The goals of treatment are therefore to maximize…
The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of Charles E. Johnston and Brandon A. Ramo for their work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Spondylolisthesis Spondylolisthesis is defined as the forward slippage of one vertebra on its adjacent…
Posture Posture is the relationship of parts of the body to a vertical line passing through the center of gravity. In practice, the term posture is almost always used to describe spinal relationships usually in the sagittal plane, although certain…
Definition The term scoliosis , first used by Galen (131–201 AD), is derived from the Greek word meaning “crooked.” In 1741, André devised the crooked spine as his symbol for orthopaedics. Today, scoliosis is defined as lateral deviation of the…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Lawsen A.B. Copley for his work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Overview The pediatric cervical spine is subject to a broad variety of disorders that may produce deformity and…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of Karl E. Rathjen for his work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Back pain in children and adolescents is not as common as in adults; however, the incidence continues to…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of John A. Herring and John G. Birch for their work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Limping is common in children and can represent a diagnostic challenge for the orthopaedist.…
Observing a child’s gait, whether in a sophisticated computerized laboratory or simply in the hallway of a clinic, is an integral part of the orthopaedic examination. A systematic approach to gait analysis—that is, looking at the trunk and each joint…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of John G. Birch for his work in the previous edition version of this chapter. It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to be familiar with the numerous musculoskeletal and neuromuscular examinations detailed in…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of John G. Birch for his work in the previous edition version of this chapter. This chapter covers many aspects of the general musculoskeletal and neuromuscular examination of the neonate, infant, child, and…