Joints General Considerations A joint is a connection between bones of the skeleton. Joints can be classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are represented by the sutures of the skull, whereas an example of a cartilaginous joint is…
Normal development of the limbs begins at the end of the fourth week after fertilization, with limb buds forming in the mesoderm along the flank of the embryo ( Fig. 21.1 ). The limb bud is divided into three major…
Leg Length Inequality Leg length inequality in children is a frequent parental concern or physical finding noted by the orthopaedist. It is commonly identified incidentally during screening examinations such as those performed on armed forces recruits, as well as during…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of John A. Herring and B. Stephen Richards for their work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Introduction The human foot is a complex structure capable of supporting body weight, accelerating…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Charles E. Johnston and Megan Young for their work in the previous edition version of this chapter. Disorders of the Knee Presenting in Infancy Disorders of the knee presenting in infancy include…
Femoral Anteversion The clinical significance of femoral anteversion is controversial. The contribution of excessive anteversion to childhood intoeing is accepted, whereas the relationship, if any, between anteversion and osteoarthritis of the hip and knee in adulthood remains uncertain. Definition Femoral…
Congenital coxa vara is a developmental abnormality characterized by a primary cartilaginous defect in the femoral neck with an abnormal decrease in the femoral neck-shaft angle, shortening of the femoral neck, relative overgrowth of the greater trochanter, and shortening of…
The author wishes to acknowledge the contribution of John A. Herring for his work in the previous edition version of this chapter. During a period of rapid growth in adolescence, weakening of the upper femoral physis and shearing stress from…
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Definition Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders of development of the hip that present in different forms at different ages. The common etiology is excessive laxity of the hip capsule with a failure to maintain…