Total ankle replacement (TAR) is increasingly recommended as a treatment option in patients with end-stage ankle osteoarthritis. Ankle arthrodesis can no longer be accepted as the sole gold standard procedure for end-stage ankle arthritis. Between 2005 and 2014, diagnosis-adjusted rates…
The considerable morbidity imposed by degenerative joint disease of the ankle has driven new approaches to the treatment of ankle arthritis. Compared with the other major lower extremity joints, the ankle possesses unique anatomic, biomechanical, and biologic characteristics that make…
Arthritic Conditions of The Foot Overview Arthritis is the destruction of articular cartilage. Approximately one fourth of the human population will develop foot pain during their lifetime, and a significant percentage of this is due to arthritis. Several types of…
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an exaggerated response to injury or immobilization, which, at times, leads to devastating chronic pain and disability. It involves an aberrant reaction of multiple aspects of the nervous system that persists long after the…
This chapter describes and discusses disorders caused by neurologic disease that affect the adult and adolescent foot and ankle. It is divided into three sections: general considerations , congenital neurologic disorders , and acquired neurologic disorders . Both congenital and…
Anatomy and Definition of Injury The peripheral nerve is a complex structure with three layers surrounding the axons. The endoneurium is a connective tissue matrix that surrounds individual axons. The perineurium binds the axons into fascicles and it provides tensile…
This chapter will serve as a review of the evaluation and management of tumors of the foot and ankle. We will highlight the diagnostic importance of the history and physical as well as the use of various imaging modalities to…
Diagnosing Skin Disease on the Lower Extremity A patient presenting with a skin condition can prove to be a challenge to diagnose and manage. When faced with a patient with a skin condition in the office, the practitioner should have…
Burns Burns of the foot pose unique and difficult problems in initial management, reconstruction, and attainment of long-term functional results. The primary reconstructive goals for this region are unimpeded ambulation and pain-free weight bearing. These objectives can be achieved by…
The nails are special cutaneous appendages that have the primary function of protecting the distal phalanx. Only primates have toenails, and whether the first primates with flat nails had an advantage over their peers by being able to remove parasites…