Introduction Immobilization in a cast has been the standard of care for spinal and upper and lower extremity injuries and fractures in children. Techniques were first described in antiquity, and they used a variety of hardening agents. Until the 1900s,…
Introduction Preservation of the structure and function of the growth plate, or physis, is essential for normal growth. Physes are composed of cartilage. They may be weaker than surrounding bone and ligaments and therefore are prone to injuries in tension…
Acknowledgment We would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Eric T. Jones for his contributions to the previous versions of this chapter. Introduction Consideration of growth potential is the major difference in treating injuries in children as compared with adults.…
Vascular disorders of the hand are relatively uncommon but can pose significant problems for patients suffering from them. Ischemic pain, ulceration, and decreasing hand function are just some of the problems that can occur. Proper management of patients can improve…
Acknowledgment: I would like to acknowledge the excellent work of earlier authors who wrote and revised portions of this chapter in previous editions: Alexander C. Angeledes, Gordon B. McFarland, Jr., Waldo E. Floyd III, Richard J. Smith, Clayton A. Peimer,…
Anatomy and Clinical Examination Skin is divided into the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers ( Fig. 58.1 ). The epidermis possesses the following appendages , : 1. Eccrine glands 2. Apocrine glands 3. Sebaceous glands 4. Hair follicles 5. Nails…
Hands are involved in more than 80% of all severe burns. Each hand represents less than 3% of the total body surface area; nonetheless, the American Burn Association categorizes burns of the hand as major injuries. Even small burns of…
Tendinopathy is defined as painful conditions affecting tendons and includes both inflammatory and degenerative processes. True acute inflammation of a tendon is termed tendinitis, with associated inflammatory cells and proteins. Tendinosis is thought to be a chronic and degenerative tendon…
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge Nathalie Baxter for her help in revising this chapter. We thank the authors of the seventh edition chapter: Paul Feldon, Andrew L. Terrono, Edward A. Nalebuff, and Lewis H. Millender. Parts of their…
Occasionally, a patient will have symptoms or physical findings that do not coincide with recognizable disease patterns. The symptoms may be out of proportion to the physical findings, or the physical findings may not make sense based on the historical…