Introduction Severe visual loss may occur among patients with infectious posterior uveitis and chorioretinitis, especially if there is a delay in the diagnosis. A number of infectious agents can affect the retinochoroidal tissue resulting in intraocular inflammation. These include a…
Introduction Uveitis includes a complex group of inflammatory eye diseases. Anatomically, there are four main groups of uveitis: anterior uveitis, which affects anterior segment of the eye; intermediate uveitis, which primarily involves the vitreous and peripheral retina; posterior uveitis, which…
Introduction Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is a multisystem autoimmune disease that targets melanocytes. The hallmark is bilateral granulomatous panuveitis with associated serous retinal detachments. It was first described by Alfred Vogt in Switzerland in 1906. In Japan in 1914, Yoshizo Koyanagi…
Introduction High myopia, defined as a spherical equivalent equal or higher than −6 diopters (D) or an axial length ≥26 mm, is one of the leading causes of low vision worldwide. The higher the myopia, the more likely complications can…
Pachychoroid Concept The term pachychoroid was first introduced by K. Bailey Freund and colleagues when describing a series of eyes showing retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) disturbances associated with an abnormally thick choroid but occurring in the absence of subretinal fluid.…
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disorder characterized by serous retinal detachment and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) detachment. These changes are usually confined to the macula but may be multifocal and more widespread. It is the fourth most common retinal…
Introduction Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is an ocular pathology represented by newly formed blood vessels extending above the Bruch’s membrane. Classically, CNV was histopathologically divided into subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE, Gass type 1) and subretinal (Gass type 2). Later, neovascularization with…
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is the most common cause of blindness in developed countries. The World Health Organization estimates that 8.7% of global blindness is caused by AMD, with 14 million…
Introduction Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects 7–8 million people in the United States (US) with a prevalence of 6.5% in persons aged 40 years and older, and it is the most common cause of blindness in the Western world. In…
Dystrophies Retinal dystrophies include a variety of hereditary retinal disorders characterized by progressive atrophy of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris complex. These dystrophies are generally not choroidal dystrophies, but usually retinal and/or RPE dystrophies that lead to…