Introduction Chemokines are a superfamily of small cytokines (8–12 kDa) with chemotactic properties. They bind to specific receptors and are involved in cell trafficking, activation and differentiation. More than 50 different chemokines have been identified and are classified into four…
Introduction Brain metastases are the most common type of brain tumors ( ) and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity ( ). The incidence of brain metastases varies by reporting institution, and different studies have reported different results. For…
Introduction Metastases to the brain are among the most clinically significant, because even a single one is likely to cause serious disability. Because most may be at least partially protected from otherwise effective systemic therapies by the blood–brain barrier, they…
Summary of Key Points Definition Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a distinct mature peripheral T-cell malignancy associated with human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Virology and Pathogenesis HTLV-I is reverse-transcribed into DNA and randomly integrated into the host cell.…
Summary of Key Points Incidence Cutaneous lymphomas represent 3.9% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The annual incidence of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in the United States is approximately 9.6 cases per 1 million population with a median age of 60 years at…
Summary of Key Points Incidence Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematologic malignancy; more than 70,000 cases were estimated to be diagnosed in the United States in 2018. Diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) are the most…
Summary of Key Points Incidence There were an estimated 8260 new cases of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in the United States in 2017 with 1070 deaths. The US age-adjusted incidence rate is 2.6 per 100,000 per year. There is a higher…
Summary of Key Points Multiple Myeloma Multiple myeloma accounts for approximately 10% of hematologic malignancies. Approximately 30,000 new cases are estimated to occur each year in the United States. In almost all patients, multiple myeloma is thought to evolve from…
Summary of Key Points Classic hairy cell leukemia and hairy cell leukemia variant are rare clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. The BRAF V600E mutation is present in nearly all cases of classic hairy cell leukemia but absent in other B-cell lymphoproliferative…
Summary of Key Points Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent type of adult leukemia and is defined by a distinctive immunophenotype of CD19+, CD5+, CD23+, and surface immunoglobulin (sIg)–positive cells. The environmental or genetic cause of CLL in…