Introduction Thoracolumbar vertebral body fractures are a common cause of spinal injury, where burst fractures account for up to 58% of all thoracolumbar fractures. These fractures can lead to pain and neurological deficit. In other cases, they may remain asymptomatic.…
Introduction Osteoporotic vertebral fracture is increasing in prevalence with our aging population. It has a reported incidence of 30% to 50% in those over the age of 50. This condition often affects postmenopausal women and can result spontaneously or following…
Introduction Traumatic fractures of the second cervical vertebra account for nearly 20% of all acute cervical spinal fractures with approximately 8.5% of surviving patients having neurological deficits after the injury. The low rate of neurological deficits with these injuries has…
Introduction Vertebral compression fracture (VCF) is the most common complication of osteoporosis. Osteoporotic VCFs can lead to pain, functional disability, and decreased quality of life. These types of fractures are related to significant rates of morbidity and mortality and, with…
Introduction Although the term involves controversy, failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is defined as lumbar pain with or without radicular symptom that persists or appears after one or several surgical interventions. FBSS is not necessarily the consequence of a failed…
Introduction Myelopathy denotes any neurological deficit related to a pathology of the spinal cord. A spinal cord injury (SCI) can be produced by diverse etiologies such as trauma, ischemia, neoplasms, inflammatory processes, and infection. However, degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is…
Introduction Transforaminal lumbar interbody interbody fusion (TLIF) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) have become common procedures for the treatment of degenerative lumbar disease such as spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and spondylosis leading to foraminal stenosis. Interbody cage placement is often used…
Introduction Atlanto-axial (C1-C2) facet joint arthropathy is an underdiagnosed condition closely associated with the development of refractory occipital pain. Prevalence increases with age, ranging from 5% in the sixth decade to 18% in the ninth decade of life. Moreover, the…
Introduction Thoracic stenosis can lead to compression of the spinal cord as a result of spinal degeneration, hypertrophy of the facet and ligamentum flavum, ossification of the ligamentum flavum, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, among others. These changes may be…
Introduction Radiculopathy is one of the most common symptoms derived from degenerative changes in the cervical spine. Radiculopathy is a disorder of the nerve roots and usually manifests as axial pain (neck/low back) radiating to the distribution of the affected…