Quick Start: Limbic-Predominant Age-Related TDP-43 Encephalopathy Definition In limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE), phosphorylated transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is found in neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the setting of neuronal loss and gliosis in the amygdala,…
Quick Start: Primary Age-Related Tauopathy Definition In primary age-related tauopathy (PART), neurofibrillary tangles accumulate in entorhinal cortex and limbic regions without amyloid plaques or other pathology. It may be a common cause of cognitive deficits in normal aging, subjective cognitive…
Quick Start: Alzheimer’s Disease Definition Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain characterized by progressive amnestic dysfunction with specific microscopic pathology including senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Prevalence Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, affecting…
Quick Start: Subjective Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, And Dementia A three-step approach to evaluate patients with cognitive decline is suggested: Determining if dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or subjective cognitive decline is present Determining which clinical syndrome is present Determining…
Quick Start: Evaluating The Patient With Memory Loss Or Dementia Talking with the family (or other caregivers) is critical to obtaining an accurate history. Important elements of the history to investigate include: Characterization of the onset and course of the…
Quick Start: Why Diagnose And Treat Memory Loss, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Dementia? Current treatments can help improve or maintain the patient’s cognitive and functional status by “turning back the clock” on memory loss. Families and other caregivers are helped by…
The brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood are the three intracranial compartments that determine the size of the skull during infancy. Expansion of one compartment comes at the expense of another in order to maintain volume and pressure (see Chapter…
This chapter will review disorders causing dysfunction of the VII through XII cranial nerves. Many such disorders also disturb ocular motility and the discussion of these is in Chapter 15 . The basis for chapter assignment is by the most…
Both congenital and acquired visual impairments in children are often associated with neurological disorders. The most common visual disorders are uncorrected refractive errors, amblyopia, strabismus, cataracts, and genetic disorders. Assessment of visual acuity The assessment of visual acuity in preverbal…
The maintenance of binocular vision requires harmonious function of the visual sensory system, gaze centers, ocular motor nerves, neuromuscular junction, and ocular muscles. This chapter deals with nonparalytic strabismus, paralytic strabismus (ophthalmoplegia), gaze palsies, ptosis, and nystagmus. The discussion of…