Background Secondary deformities resulting from complications in treating craniofacial injuries, specifically the midface, occur even when treated by experienced surgeons. Following proper surgical principles and recognizing the potential functional and aesthetic sequelae limits many complications. Ideal primary reconstruction is not…
Background Persistent enophthalmos and diplopia following primary orbital reconstruction lead to unsatisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes, respectively. Diplopia after surgical repair of orbital fractures has been reported in 8%–52% of patients, while clinically significant enophthalmos has been reported in 27%.…
Background Nasal bone fractures are the most common type of facial fracture, and the third most common fracture of the human skeleton. Nasal trauma is often the result of motor vehicle collisions, sports-related injuries, altercations, and falls. The annual incidence…
Background High-energy midfacial trauma commonly results in naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, which present some of the greatest diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in facial trauma reconstruction. Fractures of the nasoethmoid region are defined as a midface fracture resulting in lateral displacement of…
Background Approximately 2.4 million eye injuries occur each year. Ocular and periocular trauma can occur by a variety of mechanisms, some of the most common including assault and blunt trauma, motor vehicle collisions, gunshot, fireworks, and falls. The cumulative lifetime…
Despite the craniofacial surgeon's best efforts to minimize soft tissue disruption, secondary scarring and deformity are not infrequent following the treatment of facial injuries. These deformities may arise as a consequence of the trauma itself or may be an iatrogenic…
Background Pediatric head trauma is a major source of morbidity, resulting in 600,000 emergency room visits annually within the United States. Between 10% and 30% of head traumas are associated with calvarial fractures, and of those greater than 50% have…
Background Paul Manson, Bill Crawley, and Jack Hoopes in 1986 published a paper entitled “Frontal cranioplasty: risk factors and choice of cranial vault reconstructive material.” In that paper they examined their series of 42 cranioplasties, 25 of which were treated…
Background The topic of pediatric mandible fractures covers a wide range of patients with multiple clinical variables. Patients can range from a neonate with a mandible fracture stemming from birth trauma to an 18-year-old with full permanent dentition and multiple…
Background The management of pediatric facial fractures presents some unique and specific opportunities that differ from those in the adult world. It is important to recognize that children are not small adults, and when possible, treatment should be conservative. There…