1 List some of the most common indications for vascular ultrasonography (US). Vascular ultrasound is commonly used to evaluate the following: Extremity deep venous thrombosis. Carotid artery stenosis. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Renal artery stenosis. Hepatic vasculature in the setting of…
1 What are some benefits of ultrasonography (US) for musculoskeletal applications? There are multiple benefits and unique advantages that US offers in musculoskeletal imaging. US does not involve the use of ionizing radiation, which is especially attractive when imaging pediatric…
1 List some of the most common indications for abdominal ultrasonography (US). Abdominal, flank, and/or back pain. Abnormal laboratory values (e.g., abnormal liver function tests). Palpable abdominal mass. Signs or symptoms referred from abdomen (e.g., jaundice or hematuria). 2 What…
1 What is the basic normal anatomy and sonographic imaging appearance of the thyroid gland? The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the anterior neck, just below the thyroid cartilage and anterior to the trachea. It extends posteriorly…
1 What is a “level II” obstetric ultrasound examination, and what elements of fetal anatomy are included? A level II obstetric ultrasound examination is a comprehensive real-time ultrasonography (US) evaluation of fetal anatomy to detect fetal anomalies, whereas a level…
1 What are the indications for obstetric ultrasonography (US) in the second (and third) trimester? There are numerous indications for US imaging in the second (and third) trimester, the most common ones including screening evaluation of fetal anatomy; screening for…
1 What are the indications for ultrasonography (US) in the first trimester? First-trimester US is commonly performed for both symptomatic and asymptomatic pregnant patients for a variety of reasons, including: Confirmation, dating, and assessing viability of an intrauterine pregnancy, especially…
1 What are the compartments of the ankle joint, and what structures do they contain? The ankle joint contains four compartments: Anterior, medial, lateral, and posterior. Anterior compartment: From medial to lateral, the anterior compartment contains the anterior t ibialis…
1 What sequences are typically included in a routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the knee? Routine knee MRI typically includes: Sagittal fat-suppressed proton density (PD)-weighted and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. Coronal T1-weighted and fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. Axial fat-suppressed T2-weighted…
1 What is the basic normal anatomy of the hip? The hip is a ball-and-socket joint formed by the femoral head and the acetabulum, providing a large range of multidirectional motion. The acetabulum is tilted anteriorly, allowing a greater degree…