Introduction Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common conotruncal heart anomalies. It affects 9% to 11% of newborns with congenital heart disease (CHD). Disease Definition In TOF, there is an anterior-superior and leftward displacement of the outlet…
Introduction Aortic arch (AA) anomalies comprise a group of congenital alterations of the aortic arch that affect the position of the aortic branching. These anomalies can occur in association with other congenital heart diseases (CHDs) or as incidental findings in…
Introduction Interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) is an uncommon ductal-dependent congenital cardiovascular malformation. It is the most severe form of aortic coarctation (AoC). Disease Definition IAA is characterized by the lack of continuity between the ascending and descending aorta.…
Introduction Aortic coarctation (AoC) is a ductal-dependent heart anomaly characterized by a narrowing of the aorta. The presence of physiologic right-to-left shunts in the fetal circulation constitutes a challenge for prenatal diagnosis, making AoC one of the congenital heart diseases…
Introduction Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) occurs in 0.1 : 1000 to 0.6 : 1000 live births and accounts for 2% to 3% of all congenital heart diseases (CHDs). HLHS is one of the most severe CHDs, with a high rate of perinatal death.…
Introduction Aortic stenosis (AS) affects 1.4 : 10,000 newborns. The spectrum of clinical manifestations varies widely according to the degree of valve stenosis. Disease Definition AS and aortic atresia encompass a group of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) characterized by left ventricular outflow…
Introduction Pulmonary stenosis (PS) and pulmonary atresia (PA) with intact ventricular septum have a low incidence in the fetus. In PS, there is a narrowing of the right ventricular outflow tract, whereas PA is characterized by an absent ventriculoarterial connection.…
Introduction Ebstein anomaly (EA) and tricuspid dysplasia (TD) are congenital heart diseases (CHDs) affecting the tricuspid valve and consequently all of the right heart. Although these anomalies are two different entities from an anatomic point of view, they share many…
Introduction Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a rare form of congenital heart disease (CHD) that usually involves severe hypoplasia of the right ventricle. Prenatal diagnosis of TA and associated intracardiac and extracardiac anomalies is possible with a high degree of accuracy.…
Introduction Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed congenital heart diseases (CHDs) during fetal life and affects 4% to 5% of newborns with a CHD. AVSDs have a strong association with Down syndrome and frequently occur…