Tag Josep M. Martinez

Introduction Arrhythmia is defined as any abnormality in normal heart rhythm. Fetal arrhythmias include regular heart rates less than 100 beats/min or greater than 180 beats/min, or any irregularity in fetal heart rate in the absence of uterine contractions. Fetal…

Introduction Cardiac tumors are rare and usually benign with few cardiac complications; most are asymptomatic and eventually involute. Cardiac complications include arrhythmias, obstruction of the ventricular outflow tracts, and secondary cardiogenic shock leading to fetal hydrops and death. Prenatal diagnosis…

Introduction Cardiomyopathy is a very rare disease in the fetus. It is almost invariably associated with a poor outcome. Only isolated case reports and small case series have been published. There is a great variability in presentation, etiology, and hemodynamic…

Introduction Congenital anomalies of systemic venous drainage represent a heterogeneous group of malformations. The most frequently reported anomalies are persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC), absence of inferior vena cava (IVC), and agenesis of the ductus venosus. More rarely, right…

Introduction Anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is an uncommon congenital heart anomaly with abnormal drainage of pulmonary venous blood into the systemic venous system. Despite its very low incidence, it is a pediatric cardiology emergency. Disease Definition APVR is defined…

Introduction Heterotaxy (or situs ambiguus ) is defined as the abnormal arrangement of thoracic or abdominal organs, or both, across the left-right axis ( Video 90.1 ); it is different from complete situs inversus, which involves all organs. The term…

Introduction Double-inlet single ventricle is a rare anomaly, accounting for 2% to 3% of all congenital heart diseases (CHDs). Double-inlet single ventricle comprises a heterogeneous group of cardiac anomalies characterized by the presence of two atria with a single ventricle.…