Areas of fibrosis that are common to many cardiac disease states predispose to reentry. Dense fibrosis can create areas of fixed conduction block that define parts of a reentry path (see Fig. 129.2A ). Alternatively, reentry circuits can be defined…
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is responsible for significant impairment in quality of life and thromboembolism and contributes to substantial morbidity and health care expenditure. AF is the most common arrhythmia in humans. It is heterogeneous in its mechanism, presentation, and clinical…
Key Points Ablation of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is a potentially complex procedure, which carries a lower success rate than ablation for paroxysmal AF. Pulmonary vein isolation remains the cornerstone of AF ablation in every AF population…