Many patients who survive into adulthood with congenital heart disease (CHD) will develop progressive cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Some will develop ventricular failure, some will have pulmonary hypertension, and many will experience progressive cyanosis. Among these patients, some will require cardiac replacement,…
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is characterized by a generalized underdevelopment of the left ventricle and its dependent structures: the mitral valve, the aortic valve, and the preductal and ductal aorta. Because the anatomic severity of HLHS constitutes a spectrum…
History Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) was first recognized and described more than 2 centuries ago. Although reference was made to malposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery by Steno in 1672 and Morgagni in 1761, the anatomic description…
Congenital aortic valve disease is one of the more commonly encountered congenital cardiac defects, occurring in 3% to 6% of children born with congenital heart disease. Congenital aortic valve disease primarily manifests as aortic stenosis and tends to be a…