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The role of 3D printing in ENT surgery

Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a rapidly growing technology, with numerous applications in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. Since its conception in the 1980s, 3D printing—also known as rapid prototyping, solid-freeform technology or additive manufacturing—technology and 3D printing equipment have improved and are less expensive; the expertise is more widespread, and therefore, it has been available in many parts of the world for medical use…

3D printing in orthopedic surgery

Introduction The advancements in medical imaging, including improvements on hardware and software of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have provided an easier, more reliable, and more accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Although three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction images offer good visualization of the anatomic structures, they do not produce the prehension of a physical model. 3D printing is an emerging technology that uses an appropriate…

3D printing in vascular surgery

3D printing for preoperative planning 3D printing has a major role in preoperative assessment and simulation of surgical and endovascular procedures. 3D models are constructed to aid clinical doctors and scientists understand the anatomy and disorders of the thoracic and abdominal aorta . Ho et al. indicated that vessel diameters acquired from pre-3D printing computed tomography (CT) images and images obtained from model's CT scan presented only…

3D printing in cardiac surgery

The technology of three-dimensional printing was invented in 1983 by Chuck Hull, an American physicist and engineer . He was the first to conceive the idea that the induction of light over multiple thin plastic layers positioned over each other would be able to lead to the construction of three-dimensional objects. Hull came up with the idea while working with ultraviolet light to harden tabletop coatings.…

Three-dimensional (3D) printing and liver transplantation

Introduction Anatomical knowledge is a cornerstone and an essential part for the performance of successful surgical and invasive procedures. A number of studies suggested a relation between the volume of surgeries performed and the rate of complications, including mortality. This association has been attributed, at least in part, to the incomplete characterization of anatomical structures in a way to account for individual variations . Even from…

Economics in 3D printing

Introduction Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, as it is more commonly known, is already been augmented in various industries like automotive, aircraft, medical industry, just to name a few. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) groups them in seven different categories. As far as Grand View Research is concerned the 3D printing market is divided into three categories: raw materials, application, and region.…

Quality and safety in medical 3D printing

Introduction The AM/3DP (additive manufacturing/3D printing) is a type of manufacturing technique wherein the final object is formed by successive addition of layers of materials such as plastics, metals, drugs, cell culture etc. using the 3D printer (see Fig. 5.1 ) . According to United States Governmental Accountability Office (GAO), 3D printing can create 3D structures from digital models by AM process . It has a wide…

3D printing and bioprinting: ethical and legal issues

Introduction The development of 3D printing applications represents a major advance in modern Biomedicine. This technology includes both the production of medical devices (organ models, instruments, implants, etc.) 1 1 Al Ali AB, Griffin MF, Butler PE. Three-dimensional printing surgical applications. Eplasty 2015;15:352–67. and the replication of biological material (cell lines), that is, the creation of human tissue or organs via nonreproductive processing of original biological…

3D printing: shedding light into the surgical education

New three-dimensional (3D) printing machines have emerged, as additive manufacturing technology improves, leading to realistic models with accurate characteristics close to the real-life tissues. For this reason, 3D printing technology is gaining increasing attention from many institutions as an educational tool for a wide spectrum of surgical training. But this is just one of major applications of 3D printing manufacturing in medicine, as it is additionally…

The long and winding road from CT and MRI images to 3D models

Basic processing Today, the extraction of 3D models of internal human body organs from a high-resolution series of CT scan images can be accomplished with the use of appropriate software that often accompanies the instrument of the CT scanner. Appropriate software connected directly to the CT scanner processes images stored in a specific file format created for proper storage, transport, and visualization of medical imaging data…

Introduction: the role of 3D printing in surgery

Introduction The last few decades have seen tremendous progress in surgery with the incorporation of several technological advancements, leading to the increased practice of minimally invasive surgical procedures in general surgery and all the different surgical specialties and subspecialties. The overall goal has been to achieve a more targeted, patient-oriented approach which would combine curing the patient, while at the same time preserving quality and safety…

Psychosocial Recovery and Reintegration of Patients With Burn Injuries

Introduction Burn survivors may deal with diverse psychosocial issues in the recovery from a major burn injury. Common concerns include adapting to physical limitations and permanent changes; dealing with grief and loss; experiencing traumatic stress, anxiety, pain, sleep disturbance, depression, and body image concerns; and other adjustment issues. Approximately 30% of survivors experience long-term psychosocial difficulties. Psychological healing occurs across time commensurate with physical healing in…

Psychiatric Disorders Associated With Burn Injury

Introduction All members of the burn treatment team should have a basic knowledge of psychiatric problems because they commonly occur and often play a central role in burn recovery. It is useful to have mental health professionals as integrated members of the team because their expertise and skills are often needed in the management of patients with burns to screen and identify problems and to assist…

Management of Pain and Other Discomforts in Burned Patients

Introduction The words “burn injury” trigger, for almost anyone, immediate and vivid images of excruciating pain and suffering. Children are conditioned from early childhood that burn injuries are painful and can cause great harm. At the time of the first edition of this book there was still debate about the importance of pain management in the burn survivor. Many practitioners believed that the treatment of burn…

Functional Sequelae and Disability Assessment

Introduction Advances in acute burn care during the past 25 years in terms of decreased mortality and decreased length of hospital stay have been truly remarkable. Current and historical perspectives on burn mortality can be found in preceding chapters. In almost every burn unit in the United States, the length of stay has decreased from nearly 3 days/% burn to less than 1 day/% burn. The…

Intentional Burn Injuries

PowerPoint Presentation Online Introduction Forensic medicine has made tremendous advancements in developing scientific measures to identify child maltreatment and intentional injuries. Despite these advancements, deliberate injury by burning is often unrecognized. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families, child abuse and neglect are defined as “any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent…

The Ethical Dimension of Burn Care

Introduction Burns are a leading cause of accidental injury and death in the United States and worldwide, and they can often raise profound concerns about autonomy, mortality, quality of life, and suffering. In seeking optimum health for each patient, contemporary burn care aspires to integrate the highest standards of evidence-based medicine with excellence in patient care delivery and clinical research. Optimal care of patients with burns…

Laser for Burn Scar Treatment

History of Laser and Intense Pulse Light Albert Einstein was the first to describe the theoretical physics of the laser in 1917. He described the interaction of atoms and molecules with electromagnetic energy in terms of the spontaneous absorption and emission of energy and concluded that stimulated emission of energy was also possible. In 1959, the first instrument was developed by Drs. Townes and Schawlow based…

Aesthetic Reconstruction in Burn Patients

Introduction The severity of injury and deformity from burn trauma range from relatively minor to severe. The psychological and social impact of sequelae do not parallel the severity of the deformity; even minor disfigurements can have severe psychologic and social impacts on the patient. Basic concerns common to all burned patients include function, comfort, and appearance. The approach is that of total patient care; it must…

The Role of Alternative Wound Substitutes in Major Burn Wounds and Burn Scar Resurfacing

Introduction Early excision of major burns has been shown to improve patient outcomes. The lack of available donor sites from which to harvest conventional autologous skin grafts to achieve wound closure is challenging. Burke and Yannas in the early 1960s pioneered the introduction of alternative wound cover after burn excision. They invented a dermal scaffold composed of bovine collagen and shark glycosaminoglycan matrix with an epithelial…