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Spasticity in spinal cord injury

List of abbreviations ADL activities of daily living AIS ASIA impairment scale FES functional electrical stimulation SC spinal cord SCI spinal cord injury Introduction Spasticity is a common complication after spinal cord injury (SCI) that occurs in the context of an upper motor neuron injury syndrome, and may develop even years after the acute injury leading to further loss of function ( ; ). Spasticity was…

Understanding the effects of prolonged cervical spinal cord compression on the brain. Current knowledge and future challenges

Abbreviations BOLD blood oxygen level-dependent CS cervical spondylosis CST corticospinal tract CSM cervical spondylosis myelopathy DTI diffusion tensor imaging FA fractional anisotropy FC functional connectivity GM gray matter fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging MD mean diffusivity MR magnetic resonance MRI magnetic resonance imaging M1 primary motor cortex RSNs resting-state networks RS-fMRI resting-state functional MR imaging SCI spinal cord injury SMC sensorimotor cortex SMA supplementary motor area…

Osteoporosis-related fractures: What they are and how they occur following spinal cord injury

Abbreviations 25(OH)D 25 hydroxyvitamin D aBMD areal bone mineral density AIS ASIA Impairment Scale BMD bone mineral density BMI Bone Mass Index BWSTT body-weight exercises supported treadmill training CTX-I type I collagen C-telopeptide DEXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry EMS electromyostimulation ES electrical stimulation FAO bone-specific alkaline phosphatase FES functional electrical stimulation FRAX fracture risk assessment tool pQCT quantitative computed tomography PTH parathyroid hormone SCI spinal cord injury…

Venous thromboembolism in spinal cord injury—Prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment

Abbreviations aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time CSCM Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine CT computed tomography CTPA CT pulmonary angiography CUS compression ultrasonography DVT deep venous thrombosis GCS graduated compression stockings IPCD intermittent pneumatic compression device IVCF inferior vena cava filter LMWH low-molecular-weight heparin MRI magnetic resonance imaging PE pulmonary embolism PESI pulmonary embolism severity index SCI spinal cord injury UH unfractionated heparin VKA vitamin K antagonists…

Factors contributing to pressure injuries in traumatic spinal cord injury

Abbreviations ISNCSCI International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury NPIAP National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel PI pressure injury SCI spinal cord injury TSCI traumatic spinal cord injury Introduction A pressure injury (PI), also known as pressure ulcer, pressure sore, bedsore, or decubitus ulcer, is defined as a circumscribed injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue due to pressure, or shear combined with pressure, causing…

Methods for treating pain and painful syndromes in spinal cord injury: Medications, therapies, interventions, and neuromodulation

List of abbreviations AB able-bodied CNS central nervous system DRGS dorsal root ganglion stimulation IL interleukin PAG periaqueductal gray PNS peripheral nerve stimulation PT physical therapy RVM rostral ventromedial medulla SNRI serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor SCI spinal cord injury SCS spinal cord stimulation tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Introduction Pain frequently limits activities, decreases quality of life, and leads to significant psychological…

Body, action, and space representations in people affected by spinal cord injuries

List of abbreviations BR body representation PPS peripersonal space RT response times SCI spinal cord injury Introduction Anecdotical reports concerning modifications of the perception of the body, space, and action following a spinal cord injury (SCI) are well known to professionals that have experienced with these patients as they can report body misperceptions (e.g., phantom limb or body loss), misrepresentations of space (e.g., body or limbs…

Biomechanics and patterns of spine injuries associated with spinal cord injury

List of abbreviations CCS Central cord syndrome PLC Posterior ligamentous complex TSCI Traumatic spinal cord injury Introduction Worldwide, approximately 30 million individuals live with a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), and about 1 million new cases of TSCI occur annually, and these numbers are expected to increase in view of population growth. Annually, 150,000 spine fractures are treated in the United States. Among those, close to…

Traumatic spinal cord injury and outcomes in low-resource settings

Abbreviations ASIA American Spinal Injury Association ATLS advanced trauma life support CT computerized tomography GSW gunshot wound HIC high-income country ICU intensive care unit LMIC low- and middle-income country MRI magnetic resonance imaging RTI road traffic injury TSCI traumatic spinal cord injury YLD years lived with disability Introduction Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) are devastating under any circumstance. However, patients in low-resource settings face unique challenges…