ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 7, Upper Limb, CAN BE FOUND ON THE ACCOMPANYING EBOOK: Conceptual overview General Description The upper limb is associated with the lateral aspect of the lower portion of the neck and with the thoracic wall. It is suspended from the trunk by muscles and a small skeletal articulation between the clavicle and the sternum—the sternoclavicular joint. Based on the position of…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 6, Lower Limb, can be Found on the Accompanying Ebook Conceptual overview General Description The lower limb is directly anchored to the axial skeleton by a sacroiliac joint and by strong ligaments, which link the pelvic bone to the sacrum. It is separated from the abdomen, back, and perineum by a continuous line ( Fig. 6.1 ), which: ▪ joins the…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 5, Pelvis and Perineum, Can be Found on the Accompanying Ebook Conceptual overview General Description The pelvis and perineum are interrelated regions associated with the pelvic bones and terminal parts of the vertebral column. The pelvis is divided into two regions: ▪ The superior region related to upper parts of the pelvic bones and lower lumbar vertebrae is the false pelvis…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 4, Abdomen, can be Found on the Accompanying Ebook Conceptual overview General Description The abdomen is a roughly cylindrical chamber extending from the inferior margin of the thorax to the superior margin of the pelvis and the lower limb ( Fig. 4.1A ). The inferior thoracic aperture forms the superior opening to the abdomen and is closed by the diaphragm. Inferiorly,…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 3, Thorax, CAN BE FOUND ON THE ACCOMPANYING EBOOK Conceptual overview General Description The thorax is an irregularly shaped cylinder with a narrow opening (superior thoracic aperture) superiorly and a relatively large opening (inferior thoracic aperture) inferiorly ( Fig. 3.1 ). The superior thoracic aperture is open, allowing continuity with the neck; the inferior thoracic aperture is closed by the diaphragm.…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 2, Back, Can be Found on the Accompanying Ebook Conceptual overview General Description The back consists of the posterior aspect of the body and provides the musculoskeletal axis of support for the trunk. Bony elements consist mainly of the vertebrae, although proximal elements of the ribs, superior aspects of the pelvic bones, and posterior basal regions of the skull contribute to…
ADDITIONAL LEARNING RESOURCES for Chapter 1, The Body, CAN BE FOUND ON THE ACCOMPANYING EBOOK What is anatomy? Anatomy includes those structures that can be seen grossly (without the aid of magnification) and microscopically (with the aid of magnification). Typically, when used by itself, the term anatomy tends to mean gross or macroscopic anatomy—that is, the study of structures that can be seen without using a…
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Medical images constitute a source of information essential for disease diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. In addition, because of its patient-specific nature, imaging information represents an important component required for advancing patient-tailored precision medicine into clinical practice. By characterizing patient anatomy, physiology and metabolism, medical imaging can enable precise, personalized procedures and predictive, patient-specific therapy selection and delivery. For this reason it is important to continue to…
How long is a generation? This is a debate that simmers in the disciplines of anthropology, genetics and genealogy. Generations can be very short, with both males and females becoming parents in their early teens, or very long, with men fathering children in their 10th decade, but these variations are uncommon. It is probable that the average male generation is somewhere between 30 and 35 years…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces images by first magnetizing a patient in the bore of a powerful magnet and then broadcasting short pulses of radiofrequency (RF) energy at 46.3 MHz that resonate mobile protons (hydrogen nuclei) in the fat, protein and water of the patient’s soft tissues and bone marrow. The protons produce RF echoes when their resonant energy is released; their density…
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This chapter brings together the regional descriptions of the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels and their draining nodes that appear in the relevant sections of Chapter 24, Chapter 79 . The text is not illustrated: all cross-referenced figures and videos are HTML-linked to the corresponding figure or video in the appropriate chapter in the eBook. Arterial Supply of the Head and Neck The head and neck…
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of spinal and cranial nerves, their associated ganglia (autonomic and sensory) and their ramifications that transmit afferent and efferent information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. It also includes the peripheral part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), notably the sympathetic trunks and the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and their ramifications, and the…
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Psoas minor is a curious muscle in humans, lacking a clear and universally agreed function and reported to be present in only 33–65% of individuals ( , , , ). This commentary proposes a novel functional role for psoas minor, with the aim of stimulating interest in this muscle, both anatomically and clinically. Psoas minor is located retroperitoneally deep in the abdomen, running nearly parallel with…
This commentary focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvic girdle and, specifically, the sacroiliac joints. In bipeds, the pelvis serves as a basic platform with three large levers acting on it (the spine and two lower limbs). Movement of the pelvic platform upon the hip joints relative to the femur, such as flexion and extension (pelvic ante- and retroversion), and rotation and abduction/adduction, strongly…
The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a diarthrodial articulation involving the distal tibia and fibula and the body of the talus; it is the only example in the human body of a true mortise joint. The human foot is a complex structure adapted to allow orthograde bipedal stance and locomotion and is the only part of the body that is in regular contact with the ground…
The knee is the largest synovial joint in the body. It consists of three functional compartments that collectively form a dynamic, specialized hinge joint. During gait, the knee is able to withstand impressive weight-bearing loads while conducting precision movements, providing a stable yet fluid mechanism for relatively efficient bipedal locomotion. The complex arrangement of intra- and extracapsular ligaments that helps to counter the considerable biomechanical demands…
The pelvic girdle consists of the paired hip bones (each composed of the ilium, ischium and pubis) and the sacrum. The two pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and the sacrum articulates posteriorly with the two iliac bones at the sacroiliac joint; the bones are virtually incapable of independent movement, except in the female during parturition or because of pathological change. The pelvic girdle…