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Ovaries

GROSS ANATOMY Overview Ovaries located in true pelvis, although exact position variable Only pelvic organ entirely inside peritoneal sac Laxity in ligaments allows some mobility Location affected by parity, bladder filling, ovarian size, and uterine size/position Located within ovarian fossa in nulliparous women – Lateral pelvic sidewall below bifurcation of common iliac vessels – Anterior to ureter – Posterior to broad ligament Position more variable in…

Vagina

TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations Vaginal artery (VA), uterine artery (UA) GROSS ANATOMY Overview Muscular tube formed by smooth muscle and elastic connective fibers Serves as excretory duct for uterus, female organ for copulation, and part of birth canal Extends up and back from vestibule of external genitalia to surround cervix of uterus Has anterior and posterior walls, normally in apposition, with longer posterior wall Superiorly, cervix projects downward…

Uterus

GROSS ANATOMY Overview Body (corpus) : Upper 2/3 of uterus Fundus: Superior to ostia of fallopian tubes Cervix : Lower 1/3 of uterus Isthmus: Junction of body and cervix Parametrium : Tissue immediately surrounding uterus Myometrium : Smooth muscle forming bulk of uterus Endometrium : Composed of 2 layers Stratum basalis attached to myometrium, does not change Stratum functionalis: Thicker, varies with cycle Uterus is extraperitoneal…

Prostatic Hyperplasia

KEY FACTS Terminology Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Term reserved for histopathologic pattern of smooth muscle and epithelial cell proliferation Hyperplasia correct term since BPH is characterized by increased number of epithelial stromal cells in periurethral area of prostate (not hypertrophy, which means increase in size) You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are…

Varicocele

KEY FACTS Terminology Dilatation of pampiniform plexus > 2-3 mm due to congestion and retrograde flow in internal spermatic vein You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst

KEY FACTS Terminology Spermatocele: Retention cyst of rete testis or epididymis containing nonviable spermatozoa Epididymal head cyst: Collection of simple fluid You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Hydrocele

KEY FACTS Terminology Congenital or acquired serous fluid contained within layers of scrotal tunica vaginalis You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Testicular Microlithiasis

KEY FACTS Terminology Testicular microlithiasis (TML): Presence of 5 or more microliths or microcalcifications in whole testis or 5 or more microliths per field of view Limited TML: Presence of < 5 microcalcifications per field of view Microcalcifications composed of hydroxyapatite, located within spermatic tubules You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are…

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

KEY FACTS Imaging Discrete, solid, intratesticular mass on grayscale ultrasound with abnormal intrinsic vessels on color Doppler Most common neoplasm in males aged 15-34 Mostly unilateral; contralateral tumor develops eventually in 8% Seminoma is most common pure germ cell tumor of testis On ultrasound, seminomas usually well-defined, hypoechoic, and solid without calcification or tunica invasion Tumors < 1.5 cm commonly hypovascular, and tumors > 1.6 cm…