Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Gastrointestinal imaging

Abbreviations ADC apparent diffusion coefficient AUC area under the curve CAPIRINHA Controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration CD Crohn disease CE contrast-enhanced CRC colorectal cancer CT computed tomography DWI diffusion-weighted imaging EUS endoscopic ultrasound FDG [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose FSE fast spin echo GI gastrointestinal HASTE Half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo IBD inflammatory bowel disease M metastasis MRI magnetic resonance imaging N node PET positron…

Gynecologic imaging

Introduction Gynecologic malignancies are a considerable source of morbidity and mortality, accounting for nearly 672,000 deaths globally in 2020 ( ). Imaging complements surgical and clinical gynecologic cancer staging. Pelvic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) is commonly used in clinical practice to evaluate gynecologic tumor size and local extent due to its exceptional soft tissue contrast ( ). Other advantages of MRI include the availability of…

Genitourinary imaging

Introduction The use of positron emission tomography (PET) in the evaluation of genitourinary malignancies has traditionally been hampered by low tumor uptake and the masquerading effect of excreted radiopharmaceutical activity in the urinary collecting system ( ; ; ; ). However, the advent of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) and new radiopharmaceuticals has mitigated these shortcomings, leading to an expanded utilization of PET in the…

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic imaging

Introduction Hybrid positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging technology with promising applications in cancer evaluation ( ). The main advantage of these systems is that both anatomic and functional MRrI sequences are jointly acquired with metabolic PET data, resulting in high sensitivity for lesion detection and excellent soft tissue contrast resolution. Preliminary studies suggest that PET/MRI may improve whole-body assessment of soft…

Breast imaging

Acknowledgments Funding was provided in part by the 2020–Research and Innovation Framework Program PHC-11-2015 Nr. 667211, Jubiläumsfonds of the Austrian National Bank # Nr: 18207and seed grants from Novomed Austria and Guerbet France. Katja Pinker is funded in part through the NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA008748 and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Introduction Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, presenting with specific molecular patterns…

Hematologic imaging

Introduction Blood malignancies account for approximately 10% of newly diagnosed malignant tumors in the United States. While a large number of different blood cancer entities exist, three main groups are generally recognized: 1. Lymphoma, which is responsible for almost 50% of new cases 2. Leukemia which accounts for 35% of new cases 3. Myeloma, which accounts for 18% of new cases. Due to their unique biological…

Musculoskeletal imaging

Primary bone and soft tissue malignancies Primary bone and soft tissue malignancies are a heterogeneous group of relatively rare tumors, most of them deriving from mesenchymal tissue (sarcomas). The reported international annual incidence for sarcomas ranges from 1.8 to 5 cases per 100,000 individuals ( ). They can occur anywhere in the body but most commonly in the extremities (31.9%) followed by the trunk (21.8%) and…

Thoracic imaging

Clinical management of malignancies of the chest Lung cancer Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women worldwide with a 5-year survival of only around 20% ( ). Cigarette smoking is the single most common risk factor for the development of lung cancer, but air quality, residential radon, and occupational exposures such as asbestos rank among the other major factors (…

Pediatrics imaging

Acknowledgments This work was in part supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute, grant number R01CA269231, and the Sarcoma Foundation of America. We thank Mehdi Khalighi, Dawn Holley, and Kim Halbert from the PET/MRI Metabolic Service Center for their assistance with the acquisition of PET/MRI scans at the Lucas Research Center at Stanford. Introduction Children and adolescents with cancer are referred to specific staging…

Cardiovascular imaging

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Sabine Frank, Susan Notohamiprodjo and Alberto Villagran for their assistance preparing this chapter. Introduction In recent years, numerous imaging modalities have been developed to diagnose cardiac disease noninvasively and to measure structural, functional, and bio chemical performance of cardiac tissue. Especially, applications of imaging procedures to assess myocardial perfusion under rest and stress conditions have substantially added to noninvasive diagnosis…

Neurologic imaging

Acknowledgments VG has received funding from the Swiss National Science Foundation (project n. 185028, 188355 and 169876), the Velux Foundation, the Schmidheiny Foundation and research/teaching support through her institution from Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, Roche, Merck, Cerveau Technologies and Life Molecular Imaging. Introduction Neurologic disorders encompass a wide range of pathologies which overall are the leading cause of disability and second leading cause of death worldwide…

Head and neck imaging

Introduction The region of the head and neck involves complex anatomic structures, including the skull base, temporal bone, orbit, oral cavity, paranasal sinuses, and aerodigestive tract. Various kinds of pathology, including trauma, infection, congenital disease, and benign and malignant tumors develop in this area. Among these, evaluation of malignant tumors is one of the most common and most important imaging challenges in head and neck imaging.…

Radiopharmaceuticals and contrast agents

Introduction to PET radiopharmaceuticals and radionuclides PET radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive tracers used for diagnostic purposes in PET imaging. They consist of two main components, a positron-emitting radionuclide and a tracer/carrier molecule that delivers the radioactive label to the target ( ). The most commonly utilized PET radionuclides are short-lived ( ; ; ) as shown in Table 2.1 . Table 2.1 Selected PET radionuclides. Radionuclide Half-life Fluorine-18 110…

PET/MRI: technical and methodological aspects

Introduction Multimodal information is often required for diagnostic or research purposes as each imaging technique provides complementary data, for example about anatomy, physiology, or metabolism. Positron emission tomography (PET) measures the distribution and concentration of certain molecules in the body, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reflects proton density and tissue relaxation times, and computerized tomography (CT) maps the electron densities of tissues. Imaging hardware has constantly evolved…

Appendix: System Controls and Their Uses

In addition to the basic choice of transducer type and frequency for the examination in hand, there are many other factors on a Doppler ultrasound system which need to be adjusted. Despite the efforts of the manufacturers to automate and simplify things, it is still necessary to adjust continually many of the scan and Doppler parameters during the course of an examination. Is the vessel superficial…

Microbubble Ultrasound Contrast Agents

Background In the past 15–20 years, the practice of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has moved from a technique used in a few centres to a widely employed imaging modality that is used worldwide. This change in practice has been facilitated by an appreciation of the importance of the technique in day-to-day ultrasound practice, together with the development and increased availability of both CEUS-capable equipment and the contrast…

Interventional and Intraoperative Doppler

Introduction Ultrasound is the preferred modality for performing imaging-guided interventional procedures. Advantages over other modalities such as CT include real-time guidance allowing precise needle placement, portability, relatively low cost, and lack of ionising radiation. , The addition of colour Doppler has been shown to be of great utility during interventional procedures. The primary benefit is the enhanced ability to visualise blood vessels during needle placement. Other…

Clinical Applications of Doppler Ultrasound in Obstetrics

The circulatory changes that occur during pregnancy involve modification of vascular structure within the uterus (spiral arteries), the development of a neocirculation (the placenta and the fetus), a redistribution of blood flow and alteration in circulating blood volume such that the placenta in the third trimester receives 20% of the total maternal circulation and maternal blood volume increases by a similar value. Certain disease processes and…

Doppler Ultrasound of the Female Pelvis

Introduction Ultrasound is integral to modern gynaecological practice. This has been recognised by bodies such as the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, who have made ultrasound part of the core requirements in their training modules. Assisted conception units have long been aware of the value of ultrasound. Monitoring of ovaries during stimulated cycles, egg retrieval and assessing the early development of the implanted gestation are…

Doppler Imaging of the Scrotum

Introduction Scrotal sonography was first introduced in the mid-1970s. It remains the imaging modality of choice because it is simple, relatively inexpensive, and quick. Continuing refinements in imaging technology with higher-frequency transducers, and increased Doppler sensitivity have greatly enhanced perception of testicular anatomy and pathology. The haemodynamic information acquired with Doppler adds to the imaging findings; frequently reinforcing and often clinching the diagnosis. In this era,…