Physical Address

304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124

Disease and Treatment Monitoring

Preoperative, or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), in which systemic therapy is administered before surgery, is used to downstage primary breast cancers while reducing the risk of recurrence. NAC often results in complete eradication of tumor at the time of surgery (pathological complete response [pCR]), and it is well established that pCR confers excellent survival outcomes. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now accepts pCR as an…

Biomarkers, Prognosis, and Prediction Factors

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating from the epithelial cells lining the milk ducts. This heterogeneity has been observed in histology for a long time and formed the backbone of the traditional pathology-driven classification of breast cancer. Multiple studies have shown that this heterogeneity in the histopathologic features of breast cancer was associated with clinical outcomes. More recently, the pathology-driven classification has been…

Overview of Breast DWI: Diagnosis of Suspicious Lesions Using DWI in Combination With Standard MRI

The Need for Reducing Unnecessary Biopsies in Breast MRI Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast—referred to as standard breast MRI throughout this chapter—is considered the most sensitive test for diagnosis of malignant breast lesions. Standard breast MRI relies on highlighting tumor vasculature by means of intravenously applied gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast media. Because (biologically active) cancers require nutrients, a complex cascade of cytokines…

Conventional Breast Imaging

Before the development of mammography, the detection of abnormalities in the breast was largely based on visual inspection and palpation. This has dramatically changed in the last half of the 20th century. The successive development of mammography, ultrasound, and breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made imaging of the breast indispensable. Moreover, the development of image-guided needle biopsy has virtually obviated the need for surgery of…

General Principles and Challenges of Diffusion MRI

The concept of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) emerged in the mid-1980s, together with the first images of water molecular diffusion in the human brain, as a way to probe tissue structure. Since then, diffusion MRI has become a pillar of modern clinical imaging. Diffusion MRI is both a method and a powerful concept, because diffusing water molecules provide unique information on the tissue microscopic architecture.…

Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord

IMAGING ANATOMY Vertebral Bodies Ossified vertebral body appears echogenic Cartilaginous tip at spinous process appears hypoechoic Cervical : Upper 7 vertebrae C1 (atlas): No body, spinous process; circular shape C2 (axis): Body with bony peg (dens/odontoid process) C3-C6 similar in size, shape; C7 marked by longest spinous process Thoracic : 12 vertebrae, which articulate with ribs Lumbar : 5 vertebrae Sacrum : Fusion of 5 segments…

Brain

GROSS ANATOMY Supratentorial Structures Gyri : Complex convolutions of brain cortex; hypoechoic on US Sulci (fissure): Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)-filled grooves or clefts that separate gyri; echogenic on US Sulci separate gyri, fissures separate hemispheres/lobes Frontal lobe Central sulcus separates frontal, parietal lobes Precentral gyrus contains primary motor cortex Parietal lobe Posterior to central sulcus Separated from occipital lobe by parietooccipital sulcus (medial surface) Postcentral gyrus:…

Macrosomia

KEY FACTS Terminology Newborn with birth weight > 4,000 or 4,500 g (10 lb) Fetus is considered at risk for macrosomia if estimated fetal weight (EFW) is > 90th percentile You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here

Sirenomelia

KEY FACTS Terminology Synonym: Mermaid syndrome Definition: Lower extremity fusion + other skeletal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary abnormalities You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here