Definition A distinct form of glandular atrophy characterized by cystically dilated glands with sharp luminal borders. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Small, benign glands arranged in nests with reduced cytoplasmic volume in luminal epithelial cells. Simple atrophy maintains relatively normal glandular spacing and reduced luminal diameter. Clinical features Epidemiology Typically affects the elderly with the prevalence and extent of gland involvement increasing with age; however, it has been reported in at least 70% of men aged 19–29 years. Frequent finding in men on androgen deprivation therapy.…
Definition Granulomatous prostatitis induced by infectious agents. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Aggregate of lipid-laden histiocytes found within the prostatic stroma. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Granulomatous inflammatory response seen after transurethral resection or needle core biopsy of the prostate gland. Clinical features Epidemiology Seen in men undergoing repeat transurethral resection (TUR). Rarely can be seen after prostate needle biopsy. Less than 1% of benign prostate specimens contain granulomata, with post-biopsy granulomatous inflammation comprising approximately one-quarter of these lesions. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access…
Definition Mixed inflammatory response owing to extravasated prostatic fluid, bacterial toxins, and cell debris. Clinical features Epidemiology Most commonly seen in the fifth and sixth decades. Present in 0.5%–3.4% of prostate specimens, and accounts for approximately two-thirds of all granulomatous processes of the prostate. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…
Definition Presence of chronic inflammatory cells in the prostate tissue, with or without clinical symptoms. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Presence of acute inflammatory cells in the prostate tissue, with or without clinical symptoms. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Definition Nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) consists of a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate because of overgrowth of the epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the transition zone and periurethral area. It occurs commonly in men after 50 years of age, sometimes leading to compression of the urethra and obstruction of the flow of urine. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree…
Definition Also called bulbourethral gland; paired, pea-shaped, small exocrine glands in males, homologous to Bartholin’s glands in females. Deeply located posterolateral to the membranous (or bulbous) urethra in the urogenital diaphragm. Lobular pattern of dimorphic population of mucinous acini and excretory ducts. Clinical features You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a…
Definition The seminal vesicles are a pair of male sex accessory glands posterolateral to the base of the urinary bladder. The excretory duct of the seminal vesicle and ampulla of the vas deferens join to form the bilateral ejaculatory ducts, which converge and open into the prostatic urethra at the verumontanum. The seminal vesicle-ejaculatory duct develops from the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct. You’re Reading a Preview Become…
Definition In an adult man, the prostate gland is shaped like an inverted cone, with the base at the bladder neck and the apex at the urogenital diaphragm. It weighs 30–40 g. You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Embryology and Normal Gross Anatomy Adrenal Cortex The primordium of the adrenal cortex becomes evident at Carnegie stage 14 (~ 5 to 7 mm and 32 days), just lateral to the base of the dorsal mesentery near the cranial end of the mesonephros. The adrenal cortical primordia are of mesodermal origin and, during development in the late embryo and fetus, the portion of the developing cortex…
Penis Normal Anatomy and Histology The penis consists of three portions: the root, the body, and the glans. The root lies in the superficial perineal pouch and provides fixation and stability. The body constitutes the major part of the penis and is composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissues: the paired corpora cavernosa and the single corpus spongiosum. The two cavernous bodies lie on the…
Introduction The paratesticular region includes the testicular tunics, efferent ductules, epididymis, spermatic cord, and vas deferens. Most studies of paratesticular region pathology include the rete testis despite its intratesticular location. Numerous rare and interesting lesions arise in this region, including cysts, “celes,” inflammatory diseases, embryonic remnants, neoplasms, and neoplasm-like proliferations ( Table 14.1 ). In children, one of the common neoplasms is paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma. In adults…
Although weighing only about 19 grams, the testis is responsible for a complex array of neoplasms. The rapidly proliferating spermatogenic cells give rise to the majority of testicular tumors, 95% of which are of germ cell derivation. Most are malignant and usually occur in young men, but they can be cured by current therapies; therefore accurate diagnosis is essential. The supporting cells and interstitial cells of…
Embryology and Anatomy of the Testis Embryology Development of the Testis Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Sex Determination and Testicular Differentiation Sexual differentiation is the result of complex genetic and endocrine mechanisms that are closely associated with the development of both the genitourinary system and the adrenal glands. Formation of the bipotential gonad—and subsequently the testis or the ovary—depends on gene expression in both sex and autosomal…
Embryologic Development and Normal Anatomy The urethra serves as a conduit for urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior through the external urethral meatus. In males it also serves as a conduit for semen. The epithelium of the urethra is derived from the urogenital sinus, which is formed when the endodermal cloaca divides into the rectum dorsally and the urogenital sinus ventrally, separated by the…
Introduction The seminal vesicles were described by the Italian anatomist Berengario a Carpi in 1521. These paired androgen-dependent accessory sex glands were first regarded simply as storage sites for semen, but their milky alkaline secretions are now known to constitute the majority of the ejaculate, promoting sperm function and providing a variety of potent antibacterial factors to the male genital tract. Cross-sectional area increases with duration…
Benign Epithelial Tumors and Tumor-like Proliferations Prostatic Cysts Giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma is a large tumor composed of acini and cysts lined by prostatic-type epithelium set in a hypocellular fibrous stroma. This rare tumor arises in men between 28 and 80 years old as a large midline prostatic or extraprostatic mass causing urinary obstruction. The epithelial lining displays prostate-specific antigen (PSA) immunoreactivity. One case was associated…