Sella Turcica Coronal 1 Technical Note The upper MR image is a coronal T1-weighted pre-contrast sequence and the lower is a coronal T1-weighted post-contrast sequence. Sella Turcica Coronal 1 Sella Turcica Coronal 2 You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
Ventricles and CSF Cisterns Axial 1 Normal Anatomy The ventricular system is located deep within the brain and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The normal appearance of CSF on magnetic resonance images is that of water. This axial MR image shows the choroid plexus within the ventricles, where CSF is produced. CSF is also seen outside the brain and within the sulci (subarachnoid space). Pathologic…
Cranial Nerve I Axial 1 Normal Anatomy The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve (CN) I, is the first of 12 cranial nerves and provides innervation for the sense of smell. CN I can often be seen on axial magnetic resonance imaging of the brain at the level of the temporal lobes. Nerve fibers from the olfactory mucosa in the anterosuperior nasal cavity join with the olfactory…
Limbic System Axial 1 Limbic System Axial 1 Limbic System Axial 2 Normal Anatomy Note how the fornix (Latin, “arch” or “vault”) is more easily seen as a paired structure on the T2-weighted axial magnetic resonance image (upper radiology image), compared with the fornix as seen in the Chapter 3 images focusing on the basal ganglia and thalami. The fornix is a C -shaped bundle of…
Thalamus and Basal Ganglia Axial 1 Normal Anatomy The centrum semiovale, corona radiata, and internal capsules are all continuous white matter tracts. The centrum semiovale is the white matter deep to the gray matter on the surface of the brain and has an ovular shape. On axial imaging, it is generally a term used for white matter superior to the ventricles. The corona radiata (Latin: “sunburst”)…
Brain Axial 1 Normal Anatomy Named after the French anatomist Paulin Trolard (1842–1910) and also known as the superior anastomotic vein, the vein of Trolard is the largest cortical vein at the convexity (see also Brain Coronal 15 ). The vein of Trolard anastomoses with the middle cerebral vein and the superior sagittal sinus. Note the first cranial nerves, the olfactory nerves, in the olfactory grooves…
Cerebrum: Lateral Views Cerebrum: Medial Views Cerebrum: Inferior View You’re Reading a Preview Become a Clinical Tree membership for Full access and enjoy Unlimited articles Become membership If you are a member. Log in here
1 Introduction The head and neck area offers a unique challenge for students because of the density of small neurovascular structures; the complexity of its bony features, especially the skull; and the compactness of its anatomy. The head protects the brain, participates in communication and expresses our emotions, and houses the special senses (sight, sound, balance, smell, and taste). The neck connects the head to the…
1 Introduction The upper limb is part of the appendicular skeleton and includes the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. It is continuous with the lower neck and is suspended from the trunk at the shoulder. It is anatomically and clinically convenient and beneficial to divide the limb into its functional muscle compartments and to review the nerve(s) and vessels supplying these compartments. Thus, for each component…
1 Introduction As with the upper limb in Chapter 7 , this chapter approaches our study of the lower limb by organizing its anatomical structures into functional compartments. Although the upper limb is organized into two functional compartments (extensor and flexor compartments), the thigh and leg each are organized into three functional compartments, with their respective muscles and neurovascular bundles. The lower limb subserves the following…
1 Introduction The bowl-shaped pelvic cavity is continuous superiorly with the abdomen and bounded inferiorly by the perineum, the region between the proximal thighs. The bones of the pelvic girdle demarcate the following two regions: Greater or false pelvis: the lower portion of the abdomen that lies between the flared iliac crests. Lesser or true pelvis: demarcated by the pelvic brim, sacrum, and coccyx, and contains…
1 Introduction The abdomen is the region between the thorax superiorly and the pelvis inferiorly. The abdomen is composed of the following: Layers of skeletal muscle that line the abdominal walls and assist in respiration and, by increasing intraabdominal pressure, facilitate micturition (urination), defecation (bowel movement), and childbirth. The abdominal cavity is a peritoneal lined cavity that is continuous with the pelvic cavity inferiorly and contains…
1 Introduction The thorax lies between the neck and abdomen, encasing the great vessels, heart, and lungs, and provides a conduit for structures passing between the head and neck superiorly and the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs inferiorly. Functionally, the thorax and its encased visceral structures are involved in the following: Protection: the thoracic cage and its muscles protect the vital structures in the thorax. Support:…
1 Introduction The back forms the axis (central line) of the human body and consists of the vertebral column, spinal cord, supporting muscles, and associated tissues (skin, connective tissues, vasculature, and nerves). A hallmark of human anatomy is the concept of “segmentation,” and the back is a prime example. Segmentation and bilateral symmetry of the back will become obvious as you study the vertebral column, the…
1 Terminology Anatomical Position The study of anatomy requires a clinical vocabulary that defines position, movements, relationships, and planes of reference, as well as the systems of the human body. The study of anatomy can be by body region or by body organ systems . Generally, courses of anatomy in the United States approach anatomical study by regions, integrating all applicable body systems into the study…
OSMOTIC DIURETICS ACTIONS AND MECHANISM In the nephron, water reabsorption is a passive phenomenon that relies on the transcellular osmotic gradients established during the reabsorption of solutes, especially sodium. Osmotic diuretics alter these gradients to produce diuresis. After intravenous administration, such agents undergo filtration at the glomerulus but then cannot be reabsorbed. As sodium and water are reabsorbed, osmotic diuretics become more concentrated in the tubular…
BENIGN RENAL TUMORS There are several different kinds of benign renal tumors, which may originate from a wide range of cell types. Solid renal tumors, however, are generally malignant, with the probability of malignancy strongly correlating with tumor size. For example, one series found that masses greater than 4 cm in diameter were malignant in more than 90% of cases, whereas those less than 1 cm in diameter…
VOIDING DYSFUNCTION Urinary incontinence affects an estimated 13 million adults in the United States, 85% of whom are women. The problem is especially common among nursing home residents, affecting 50%, and older women, affecting 15% to 30% of women over 65 years old who live in retirement communities. An estimated $15 to $20 billion is spent on this problem each year in the United States alone.…
RENAL INJURIES The kidney is injured in up to 5% to 10% of all severe trauma cases. At most urban trauma centers, approximately 80% to 90% of kidney injuries are blunt, while the remainder are penetrating. Children are more likely to sustain blunt renal injuries because of the relative large size of their kidneys, scant perirenal fat, and incomplete rib ossification. Blunt renal injuries are often…
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY Obstructive uropathy encompasses the numerous sequelae that may be observed when there is an anatomic or functional blockage of the natural flow of urine. Obstructions may occur at any level in the urinary tract, and the clinical signs and symptoms often provide information about both location and severity. Obstructions may be classified as congenital or acquired, acute or chronic, partial or complete, and intrinsic…