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Principles of perioperative care

Learning Outcomes After studying this appendix you should be able to: Knowledge criteria List the principles of infection control. Describe the appropriate use of blood and blood products. Discuss the general pathological principles of postoperative care. Describe the principles of fluid–electrolyte balance and wound healing. Understand aspects of surgical safety in the operating theatre. Describe principles of enhanced recovery. Clinical competencies Plan perioperative care for a…

Prolapse and disorders of the urinary tract

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the normal supports of the uterus and vagina. Describe the normal mechanisms that maintain urinary continence and the physiology of normal micturition. Describe the epidemiology, aetiology and clinical features associated with urinary incontinence, urinary frequency, urinary tract infections and genitourinary prolapse. Evaluate the common surgical and non-surgical treatments used in the management…

Gynaecological oncology

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Understand the epidemiology, aetiology, diagnosis, management and prognosis of gynaecological cancer Describe the aetiology, epidemiology and presentation of the common neoplasms of the female genital tract, including: Vulval and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Vulval and vaginal carcinoma Cervical carcinoma Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial carcinoma Malignant ovarian tumours Discuss the role of minor procedures and diagnostic…

Sexual and reproductive health

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the methods of contraception in terms of efficiency, benefits, risks and side effects. Describe the surgical and medical options for termination of pregnancy. Discuss the ethical and legal issues relating to fertility control. Describe the aetiology, diagnosis, prevention and management of the common sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Describe the aetiology, investigation…

Early pregnancy care

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria List the causes of bleeding and/or pain in early pregnancy. Describe the epidemiology, aetiology and clinical features of: Miscarriage Ectopic pregnancy Molar pregnancy Discuss the use of ultrasound and endocrine assessments in early pregnancy problems Describe the management of the common problems and complications of early pregnancy, including the conservative, medical and surgical…

Infertility

Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the common causes of male and female infertility Describe the indications for and interpretation of investigations used in the assessment of the infertile couple Discuss the principles of, indications for and complications of the common methods of treatment of infertility Clinical competencies Take a history from a couple presenting with…

Gynaecological disorders

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the causes, significance and management of disorders of menstruation, including intermenstrual, postcoital and postmenopausal bleeding, menstrual irregularity, heavy menstrual bleeding, dysmenorrhoea and secondary amenorrhoea. Describe the PALM COEIN concept of assessment and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Describe the problems of puberty, including precocious puberty and delayed puberty. Recognize that…

Basic clinical skills in gynaecology

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Recognize the logical sequence of eliciting a history and physical signs in gynaecology Describe the pathophysiological basis of symptoms and physical signs in obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) List the relevant investigations used in the management of common conditions in O&G Clinical competencies Elicit a history from a gynaecology patient Perform an abdominal examination…

Mental health and childbirth

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge relating to mental disorders Demonstrate an awareness of the range of possible mental health disorders in the perinatal period Understand the importance of identification of mental health history and working in a proactive and preventative way with women at risk of illness Identify of symptoms of mental illness in the perinatal period Understand and…

Postpartum and early neonatal care

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the normal maternal changes in the puerperium Describe the aetiology, diagnosis and management of the common abnormalities/emergencies in the postpartum period, including maternal collapse, thromboembolism, puerperal infections, anaemia and problems with lactation Discuss the sequelae of obstetric complications (e.g. pre-term delivery) Describe the principles of resuscitation of the newborn Describe the normal…

Management of delivery

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Outline the mechanism of spontaneous vaginal delivery Describe the aetiology, diagnosis and management of the common malpresentations and malpositions in labour Define the different types of perineal trauma Describe indications, methods and complications of vaginal delivery and caesarean section List the risk factors and initial steps in management of shoulder dystocia Describe the…

Management of labour

Learning outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the mechanisms, diagnosis and management of normal and abnormal labour Describe the methods of induction and augmentation of labour, including the indications, contraindications and complications Describe the aetiology and management of cord prolapse Discuss the impact and management of pre-term labour, pre-labour rupture of membranes and precipitate labour Summarize the methods of…

Congenital abnormalities and assessment of fetal wellbeing

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the common structural abnormalities resulting from abnormal development List the risk factors for the common fetal abnormalities Compare the diagnostic tests for fetal abnormality Describe the role of ultrasound scanning in pregnancy in screening, diagnosis and assessment of fetal abnormalities and in assessing fetal growth and health Describe the aetiology, risk factors…

Maternal medicine

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the aetiology, risk factors, risks and management of: Anaemia in pregnancy Gestational diabetes Infections in pregnancy Thromboembolic disease in pregnancy Liver disease Contrast the clinical presentation and management of pre-existing medical conditions in pregnancy, including: Diabetes Obesity Thrombophilias Epilepsy Thyroid disease Cardiac disease Respiratory disease Renal disease Haemoglobinopathies Discuss the role of…

Obstetric disorders

Learning Objectives After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the pathophysiology, aetiology and presentation of the major antenatal complications of pregnancy: Hypertension in pregnancy Antepartum haemorrhage and placenta accreta Multiple pregnancy, breech presentation Abnormal and unstable lie and prolonged pregnancy Clinical competencies Plan initial investigations and management of these obstetric disorders Interpret the investigation results of scan, blood and urine tests…

Normal pregnancy and antenatal care

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe the aims and patterns of routine antenatal care List the key elements of pre-conceptual care Contrast the changing demographics of pregnancy Discuss the significance of previous obstetric history on planning antenatal care List the routine investigations used in antenatal care, including screening for fetal abnormality Discuss the risks of substance misuse in pregnancy…

History taking and examination in obstetrics

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Explain the relevance of a detailed history of the index pregnancy Discuss the importance of previous obstetric, medical, gynaecological and family history Explain how to conduct a detailed, general, obstetric and pelvic examination Discuss the pathophysiological basis of symptoms and physical signs in pregnancy Clinical competency Take a detailed obstetric history in a…

Perinatal and maternal mortality

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Understand the definitions of maternal and perinatal mortality List the main causes of maternal and perinatal mortality Describe the socioeconomic factors that affect perinatal and maternal mortality Clinical competencies Interpret maternal and perinatal data and the implications on the various health services Professional skills and attitudes Reflect on the differences in the direct…

Placental and fetal growth and development

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Describe normal placental development Describe the structure of the umbilical cord and uteroplacental blood flow List the placental transfer mechanisms and functions Describe the sequence of normal fetal development Understand the formation and clinical significance of amniotic fluid Early placental development After fertilization and egg cleavage, the morula is transformed into a blastocyst…

Physiological changes in pregnancy

Learning Outcomes After studying this chapter you should be able to: Knowledge criteria Understand the immunology of pregnancy Describe the changes in the uterus, vagina and breasts that take place in pregnancy Describe the adaptations of the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, renal and gastrointestinal systems to pregnancy Clinical competencies Interpret the clinical findings and investigatory findings of various tests related to cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and renal parameters…