The overall prevalence and incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) is low, approximately 1 to 6 per million population, but it is increasing. Gastrinoma and insulinoma are the two most common functional NETs. Most PNETs are malignant, except insulinomas, which…
Pancreatic and periampullary tumors include a diverse group of malignant neoplasms that arise in the pancreas or at or near the ampulla of Vater. These neoplasms commonly include adenocarcinomas of the pancreas (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas [PDACs]), duodenum, distant common bile…
Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonography are commonly used for diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. CT has been the most commonly used technique because it can provide high-resolution images of the pancreas and…
Acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are dynamic inflammatory conditions that can result in local complications necessitating invasive treatment. Although AP and CP were previously considered and managed as distinct clinical entities, advances in experimental pancreatitis models, improved clinical…
Pancreatic and Peripancreatic Fluid Collections Pancreatitis often results in sequelae of pseudocyst formation or other complications. The consensus guidelines of the revised Atlanta classification of pancreatitis describe various features of acute pancreatitis, distinguishing between interstitial edematous pancreatitis and the more…
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disorder that leads to irreversible destruction of the exocrine and endocrine tissue of the pancreas. Fibrotic replacement of the normal pancreas may be associated with persistent abdominal pain, the development of exocrine insufficiency, and…
Acute pancreatitis is the most common gastrointestinal disease for which patients are acutely hospitalized and its incidence is rising. Around 80% of patients with acute pancreatitis have a mild disease course where symptoms usually resolve within 1 week. Approximately 20%…
The term pancreas is derived from Greek meaning “all flesh” and developmental biologists have been intrigued for years with the fascinating embryologic development of the pancreas. It is an endodermally derived organ, consisting of two morphologically distinct tissues, the exocrine…
The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery are susceptible to injury from both blunt and penetrating trauma. Injuries to the mesenteric arteries compose a small subset of intraabdominal vascular trauma. A multiinstitutional study involving 34 trauma centers reported…
Aortoenteric Fistulas Aortoenteric fistulas (AEFs) are rare entities that can quickly lead to sepsis, hemorrhage, and lethal exsanguination if they are not quickly diagnosed and treated. Sir Astley Cooper, an English comparative anatomist and surgeon, was the first to describe…