Introduction The Carotid Wallstent (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA) is one of the most used stents in the endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis, particularly because of its design, which allows excellent plaque coverage. For that reason, it seems adequate for the…
Introduction The use of carotid artery stenting to treat carotid bifurcation stenosis remains a topic of recent investigation and vigorous debate regarding safety and efficacy. Multiple prospective randomized controlled trials have compared carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with carotid artery stenting (CAS)…
Introduction Stenting of supra-aortic vessels has become a reasonable alternative or sometimes the treatment of choice for cases of athero-occlusive disease of the carotid, subclavian, innominate, and vertebral arteries. Protection from distal embolic debris or thrombus remains critical while performing…
Introduction Interventionalists are especially cautious with carotid artery stenting (CAS) because complications can lead to devastating and permanent neurological sequelae, even death. Preparation for CAS can often seem excessive; however, careful and detailed planning is the key to circumvent unwanted…
Introduction Angiographic procedures were first performed only months after Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays. Haschek and Lindenthal injected mercury salts into an amputated hand and created one of the first recorded images of the arterial system ( Fig. 43.1 ). This…
Introduction Intra-arterial devices used to assist in the management of critically ill patients with cardiopulmonary failure have become commonplace at most advanced medical centers in the past decade. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) are two of…
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Introduction Arteriovenous (AV) access for dialysis is established by connecting an artery and a vein together to create the superficial, high-flow conduit necessary for easy access and efficient dialysis. This is ideally done by connecting an anatomically or surgically superficial…
Endovascular Treatment in the Management of Arteriovenous Access Arteriovenous access surgery provides a lifeline for those patients with end-stage renal disease in need of hemodialysis. The high flow arteriovenous anastomosis results in a durable, easily accessed, reliable means of needle…
Introduction Endovenous ablation has become the treatment of choice for chronic venous disease (CVD) and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). There are many different types of modalities to treat CVI, including thermal energy commonly with endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), radiofrequency ablation…