An important aspect of any surgical procedure is the preparation of the wound for proper healing. A thorough understanding of the biology of normal tissue repair is therefore valuable for individuals intending to perform surgery. Tissue injury can be caused…
Human tissues have genomically predetermined characteristics that define normal responses to injury. Because the response to injury is predictable, principles of surgery have evolved to help optimize the wound-healing environment guided by basic and clinical research. This chapter presents the…
Serious medical emergencies in the general dental office are, fortunately, rare. The primary reason for the limited frequency of emergencies in dental practice is the nature of dental education that prepares practitioners to recognize potential problems and manage them before…
The extent of the medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluation of patients requiring outpatient dentoalveolar surgery, under local anesthesia, nitrous oxide sedation, or both, differs substantially from that necessary for a patient requiring hospital admission and general anesthesia for…
Introduction Accounting for 87% of all types of stroke, ischemic stroke has both fatal and disabling consequences for affected patients. Ischemic stroke remains the leading cause of long-term disability; however, technologic and therapeutic advances made in the past decade offer…
Introduction Since the initial introduction of endovascular coiling techniques by Guglielmi in 1991, endovascular therapies for intracranial aneurysms have evolved. Initially, intrasaccular coiling and parent vessel occlusion with coils after balloon test occlusion were the mainstays of treatment. At the…
Introduction Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is defined as atherosclerosis of the large intracranial arteries, namely the intracranial internal carotid artery (ICA), intracranial vertebral and basilar arteries, middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, and their cortical branches (up to M3, A3,…
Introduction Intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are a demanding pathology to treat. There is ample discussion about which single modality or which amalgam of modalities is the most optimal, i.e., endovascular embolization, microsurgical resection, or radiosurgery. The discussion also extends to…
Introduction Subclavian steal phenomenon (or syndrome) originates from severe stenosis or occlusion of the proximal subclavian artery resulting in the reversal of blood flow in the ipsilateral vertebral artery (VA) to perfuse the limb. Blood flows retrogradely from the brain…
Extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease is associated with the risk of stroke, disability, and death. The surgical treatment of carotid disease has undergone significant evolution from early attempts at carotid ligation to the first carotid endarterectomy by Michael Debakey in…