Introduction A neck mass is a common clinical presentation. Surgeons should be familiar with common causes, red flag symptoms and characteristic examination findings. A wide range of conditions can present with a neck mass and an exhaustive explanation of investigation…
Introduction A hernia is defined as an abnormal protrusion of a cavity’s contents through a weakness in the wall of the cavity, taking with it all the linings of the cavity, although these may be markedly attenuated. With any definition,…
INTRODUCTION Perioperative nutrition is a critical aspect of surgical care. Surgical teams should screen elective patients for existing malnutrition or risk of developing malnutrition postoperatively. Optimising macronutrient anabolism and correcting micronutrient deficiencies are important goals for elective and emergency surgical…
Introduction The incidence of death directly attributable to anaesthesia has decreased significantly over the last 60 years. In the 1950s, several studies demonstrated that the postoperative mortality solely associated with anaesthesia was approximately 1 in 2500, 1–3 but by 1987,…
Introduction Few patients do not survive an operation, but many will incur significant morbidity around the time of surgery. These adverse outcomes are considered together as perioperative risk . Patient assessment is the process of gathering information to determine the…
Introduction Emergency general surgery (EGS) is a core component of general surgical practice. The challenges of caring for such patients include time-sensitive conditions, additional morbidity and mortality commensurate with this particular patient population, frequent diagnostic uncertainty, unpredictability, and the irregular…
Introduction Updated guidelines focus on comprehensive protocols for each step of the perioperative ‘journey’ in various abdominal procedures. Several reviews confirm an association between the use of an enhanced recovery protocol (ERP) and improved outcomes in abdominal surgery. While some…
Introduction to surgical evidence Evidence-based medicine is a relatively recent innovation. It has only been over the past two centuries that scientific methods have become the accepted means of establishing the most effective treatments and tests. Nowhere in medicine has…
Penicillins The penicillin family, including primarily penicillin V and amoxicillin, has long been the mainstay in the antibiotic treatment of odontogenic infections. Randomized controlled clinical trials comparing a penicillin with other newer antibiotics have found no statistically significant differences in…
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