General Principles Knowledge of anatomy is essential in administering injections safely and effectively. Use of local anesthetic injections in athletes may reduce the number of games missed because of injury but carries a theoretical risk of worsening the injury. Corticosteroid…
Acknowledgment The author would like to acknowledge Thomas A. Frette, MD, for his contribution to the previous edition. General Principles Taping and bracing are used as adjuncts to sports protective equipment, treatment, and rehabilitation of an injury. Should not take…
General Principles Overview: Injuries and disorders of the foot can impose considerable dysfunction in an athlete. Although most foot problems will improve with appropriate care, a clear understanding of normal anatomy and physical examination findings is vital to recognize injuries…
General Principles Definition Stress fractures are fatigue-failure injuries of the bone affecting physically active people, including military recruits, track and field athletes, and ballet dancers. With the increased role of exercise for elderly people and patients with chronic disease, stress…
Transportation of an Athlete with a Fracture or Dislocation The need for and mode of transporting an injured athlete is determined after primary and secondary evaluations by the first responder. It must always be executed so that further injury is…
Types of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Functions to decrease joint friction and distribute load across the joint; also referred to as articular cartilage Composition: Water (65%–80%), collagen (10%–20%, predominantly type II), proteoglycans (10%–15%, aggrecan is most responsible for the hydrophilic property),…
General Principles Leg and ankle injuries often occur concomitantly. Evaluation of one must include the other ( Fig. 56.1 ). A neurovascular examination is essential in addition to making note of the amount of swelling. Injuries that require immediate treatment…
Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of W. Michael Walsh, MD, in the previous edition. PHYSICAL Examination Anatomy of the Knee See Fig. 55.1 . Observation and Measurement Standing Alignment of lower extremities: View the patient from…
General Principles Overview The understanding of hip pathology has substantially improved recently because of more specific clinical tests, better imaging diagnosis, and discovery of new entities. Hip pathologies include femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), borderline dysplasia, femoral anteversion, hip instability, and femoral…
General Principles With an increased number of adults and adolescents participating in fitness programs and competitive sports, there has been an increase in thoracic and lumbar spinal problems. Most injuries are soft tissue injuries, and appropriate training and avoidance of…