Congenital cardiac defects may be categorized in a variety of ways. One approach is to separate them based on the presence or absence of cyanosis at the time of presentation. Cyanotic lesions are either associated with shunting of deoxygenated blood…
Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Introduction Pediatric cardiovascular catheterization laboratories today involve a variety of complex diagnostic and interventional procedures for congenital abnormalities using multiple imaging tools to improve procedural outcome and patient safety. Preprocedure imaging to map the complex anatomy is…
Acknowledgment: The editors and the publisher would like to thank Drs. Sadaf T. Bhutta and S. Bruce Greenberg for contributing a chapter on this topic to the prior edition of this work. It has served as the foundation for the…
Remarkable advances have occurred in noninvasive imaging evaluation of pediatric cardiothoracic vascular disorders. One such technologic advancement is multidetector array computed tomography angiography (CTA). CTA has become a primary imaging consideration for structural cardiovascular evaluation beginning as early as the…
The role of chest radiography in the diagnosis and evaluation of congenital cardiovascular disease continues to evolve. At one time a major tool in the assessment of heart disease, radiography now occupies an ancillary role, with echocardiography serving as the…
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Because of the large variety of human hearts in nature, a standardized approach and nomenclature is needed to understand and describe cardiac anatomy and physiology in the setting of congenital heart disease. The most widely used approach is called the…
Cardiac Development The major task in cardiac development is to form a four-chambered heart that functions in a coordinated fashion from a straight tube that functions merely by peristalsis. Cardiac development can be thought of as proceeding along various phases:…
Overview The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculofibrous membrane that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and performs an important respiratory function. The diaphragm has a fibrous portion centrally (i.e., a central tendon) surrounded by a peripheral muscular portion. Major structures…
The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of two layers, the visceral and the parietal pleura. The parietal pleura covers the inner aspect of the chest wall and the diaphragm. The visceral pleura is strongly adherent to the surface of…