Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death in children. Three distinct time periods can be used to categorize stroke in the pediatric population: fetal (14 weeks of gestation until the onset of labor), perinatal/neonatal (between late third trimester…
Stroke is defined as a neurologic deficit persisting for more than 24 hours and may be caused by cerebral ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage. The annual incidence of stroke in children ranges from 2 to 13 cases per 100,000 patients and…
Overview Brain tumors are the most common solid pediatric tumors and are the leading cause of death in children from solid tumors. The incidence rate of all childhood primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors is estimated to be…
Brain Infections Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic organisms are all causative factors in central neurologic system (CNS) infection. Brain infection manifests as encephalitis, cerebritis, and meningitis. Encephalitis refers to diffuse infection of the brain parenchyma, whereas cerebritis is due to…
Inherited Metabolic Brain Disorders Inherited metabolic brain disorders produce changes in brain metabolism and structure as a result of genetic mutations. Clinically, children with metabolic brain disorders often present with nonspecific symptoms, such as hypotonia, seizures, and developmental delay, which…
Hydrocephalus means “water in the brain.” It is the morphologic end result of many different processes related to enlarging ventricles with compression on brain parenchyma and subarachnoid spaces leading to raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The active enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid…
Advances in gene sequencing and genotype-phenotype profiling have furthered understanding of many brain malformations. Some malformations previously considered disparate in terms of gestational timing and etiology are now considered phenotypic variants of common pathways while others previously considered variants of…
A significant number of deaths and permanent neurologic disabilities occur during the first month of life, the neonatal period. During the first month of life, term infants and particularly preterm neonates are vulnerable to a wide range of adverse events…
Central nervous system (CNS) anomalies occur in 1.4 to 1.6 per 1,000 live births and 3% to 6% of still births. Whereas some anomalies can be detected as early as the first trimester (such as anencephaly), others may not develop…
Perfusion Imaging In the cerebrovascular literature, perfusion imaging refers to an all-encompassing term of various methods to measure hemodynamically derived functional parameters in the brain. In radiology, the three most common parameters that are assessed and utilized clinically are cerebral…