A wide variety of primary and secondary neoplasms may affect the orbit. Most orbital masses are benign and slow growing, but approximately 20% are malignant. Making the correct diagnosis may be difficult for several reasons. In children, it may be…
A wide variety of disease processes can cause inflammatory changes in the orbit, including infection, idiopathic inflammation, granulomatous disease, thyroid-related disease, optic neuritis, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, metabolic diseases can also affect the optic nerves, leading to vision loss.…
Assessment of the orbits is part of a detailed fetal sonographic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, particularly in the setting of suspected central nervous system malformation. When further assessment is performed by fetal MRI, obvious ocular pathologies can be…
Embryology of the Eye Development of the eye originates from neuroectoderm, surface ectoderm, and neural crest cells. The neuroectodermal layer gives rise to the retina, iris, and optic nerve; the surface ectoderm gives rise to the lens; the neural crest…
Allergic-Like Reactions Introduction Contrast media (CM) are an essential aid in diagnostic medical imaging. They are used primarily to enhance the visibility of blood vessels, organs, and pathology in the body. CM are considered pharmacologic agents, and, like any other…
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proved to be a powerful diagnostic imaging tool in children and adults. MRI uses low-energy nonionizing radio waves, and as such it is particularly well suited for pediatric and longitudinal imaging studies. MRI exploits a…
Diagnostic imaging has evolved from the single technique of radiography discussed in the first edition of Caffey's Pediatric X-Ray Diagnosis in 1945 to a specialty with many modalities and techniques. Many of these modalities use ionizing radiation, and some, such…
Introduction Perinatal/paediatric pathology is a medical subspecialty with particular expertise in diseases affecting the placenta, fetus, infant and child. In the United Kingdom, paediatric pathology has evolved rapidly over recent decades from a small area of practice for general histopathologists,…
Introduction Over the last ten years, the interest of radiologists and obstetricians in imaging the unborn child by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has grown significantly, not least facilitated by accelerated technical developments, especially in terms of fast imaging…
Introduction to Fetal Tumours Fetal tumours are fortunately rare. They can be associated with serious illness or even death in the fetal or neonatal period and the prenatal diagnosis of fetal tumours may have significant implications on the well-being of…