Imaging Techniques in Gynaecology Ultrasound (US) Indications Evaluation of a pelvic mass, uterine enlargement, endometrial abnormalities, ovarian masses or acute pelvic pain ▸ it allows transabdominal and transvaginal guidance of fluid or tissue sampling ▸ it allows transvaginal-guided drain placement…
Introduction Normal Anatomy The breast lies on the chest wall and on the deep pectoral fascia ▸ the superficial pectoral fascia envelops the breast ▸ suspensory ligaments (Cooper's ligaments) connect the two layers 2 components Nipple–areolar complex: ▪ Collecting ducts…
Reticuloendothelial Disorders Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Definition A non-neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells Letterer–Siwe disease (acute disseminated histiocytosis) Rare and usually fatal ▸ it affects children <2 years of age ▸ splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy with anaemia predominate (patients usually die…
Developmental Skeletal Anomalies Osteochondrodysplasias These are classified into 33 groups (1–33) ▸ abnormalities are intrinsic to bone and cartilage and will continue to evolve throughout life ■ Dysplasias: abnormalities of bone ± cartilage growth ■ Osteodystrophies: abnormalities of bone ±…
Acute Osteomyelitis Acute Osteomyelitis Definition Acute infection of the bone diagnosed within 2 weeks of symptoms (subacute if diagnosed > 2 weeks) ▸ causes: ▪ Staphylococcus aureus : commonest organism in any age group (80%) ▪ Gram-negative organisms ( Pseudomonas/Enterobacter…
Introduction Clinical and Radiological Findings in Joint Disease Condition Site of involvement Discriminatory findings Primary osteoarthritis (F>M ▸ > 45 years) Hands PIP and DIP joint involvement (Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes) ▸ no osteopenia Large joints (e.g. hip, knee) Joint…
Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Definition A systemic skeletal disease characterized by a low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of the bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and an associated susceptibility to fracture It is the most common metabolic disorder…
Chondroid Origin Chondrosarcoma Definition A malignant cartilage-producing tumour – it generally has a better prognosis than an osteosarcoma (due to late metastases) Classification: ▪ Central (intramedullary) vs peripheral ▪ Primary vs secondary (e.g. arising in a pre-existing bone lesion such…
Chondroid Origin (En)Chondroma Definition Chondroma: a benign intramedullary neoplasm consisting of mature hyaline cartilage ▸ it is commonly centrally located (and then referred to as an enchondroma) It is the 2 nd commonest benign chondral lesion (after an osteochondroma) Clinical…
General Characteristics of Bone Tumours Age at Presentation Metastases are the commonest malignant bone tumours in patients that are > 45 years of age (an atypical metastasis is more common in this age group than a classical primary malignant tumour)…