Localized Calcification and Ossification Localized Calcification and Ossification Definition Deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate or calcium hydroxyapatite within soft tissues is called mineralization or calcification Metastatic: the result of abnormal calcium metabolism Calcinosis: occurring with a normal calcium metabolism Dystrophic:…
Specific Paediatric Fractures Greenstick/Torus Fracture/Plastic Bowing Definition In the paediatric skeleton the soft bone tends to bend and partially break (greater elasticity) Greenstick fracture: the bone cortex and periosteum break on the convex side of a long bone only Torus…
Introduction General Considerations XR Two orthogonal views are required ▸ it is poor at soft tissue assessment Displacement and obliteration of the normal fat pads can be a clue to an acute fracture haematoma or joint distension ▸ a lipohaemarthrosis…
Duplex Kidney Duplex Kidney Definition A congenital abnormality where drainage of the kidney is via two collecting systems (occurring in 3% of individuals) ▪ Partial < complete ▪ Bilateral > unilateral Complete duplication ▪ The ureters draining the two moieties…
Cryptorchidism and Testicular Torsion Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes) Definition The testis is normally drawn caudad towards the inguinal canal by the gubernaculum, which is attached to its lower pole – differential growth between the gubernaculum and abdominal wall may account for…
Urethra: Benign Disorders Congenital Anomalies Müllerian duct cysts Usually the caudal Müllerian duct is obliterated apart from its distal tip (which forms the verumontanum) ▸ incomplete obliteration may lead to the formation of cysts between the bladder and rectum which…
Prostate: Benign Disorders Acute and Chronic Prostatitis Definition The same organisms that produce acute prostatitis can cause chronic prostatitis ▪ Healthy adults: E. coli and staphylococci are the predominant causative organisms ▪ Immunocompromised patients: unusual organisms are more commonly seen…
Miscellaneous Bladder Conditions Congenital Anomalies Bladder agenesis A rare condition which is usually associated with absence of the urethra and other congenital abnormalities ▸ there is marked upper tract dilatation and renal dysplasia which is incompatible with life Bladder hypoplasia…
Renal Parenchymal Disease Glomerulonephritis Definition A proliferative and necrotizing abnormality of the glomeruli ▸ it is usually primarily renal but may be part of a systemic vasculitis (e.g. SLE, PAN, Goodpasture's or Wegener's) US/CT/MRI Acute: symmetrically swollen kidneys ▸ no…
Abdominal Wall Defects Omphalocele Definition: incomplete formation of the embryonic ventral abdominal wall leads to a congenital midline anterior abdominal wall defect around the umbilicus (the umbilical cord inserts at the tip of the defect) ▪ Larger omphaloceles (containing liver…