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Polydactyly
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Category Radiology
VACTERL Association
KEY FACTS Terminology Nonrandom association of anomalies involving multiple organ systems V ertebral/vascular A nal atresia/auricular C ardiac T racheoesophageal fistula E sophageal atresia R enal/radial ray/rib L imb VACTERL association diagnosed when ≥ 3 of above malformations present; causative…
Normal Developmental Variants Confused With Disease
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Normal Primary and Secondary Growth Centers
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Approach to Pediatric Musculoskeletal System
Imaging Modalities Radiography Although there have been great advances in imaging technology, radiographs (i.e., x-rays or plain films) remain the most important imaging test in most circumstances of suspected musculoskeletal pathology. Most studies will require 2-3 views to adequately image…
Testicular Trauma
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Testicular Tumors
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Torsion of Testicular Appendage
KEY FACTS Terminology Definition Spontaneous twisting of pedunculated vestigial remnant along testicle or epididymis causing ischemia & pain Synonyms Twisted appendage, torsed appendix testis, torsion of appendix epididymis, appendiceal torsion Imaging US with Doppler best imaging modality Appendage size best…
Testicular Torsion
KEY FACTS Terminology Spontaneous or traumatic twisting of testis & spermatic cord within scrotum → vascular occlusion/infarction Imaging ↓ or absent blood flow in testicle on Doppler US Transverse side-by-side comparison image of asymptomatic & symptomatic testicles very helpful Spiral…
Epididymoorchitis
KEY FACTS Terminology Infectious inflammation of epididymis, testicle, or both Orchitis much less common than epididymoorchitis Imaging Enlargement of affected tissues (i.e., testicle, epididymis, or both) with accompanying ↑ blood flow ↑ blood flow best demonstrated on transverse side-by-side comparison…