Liver and Biliary Tree Anatomy and Embryology The liver, gallbladder, and biliary tree originate from endodermal cells that form a diverticulum arising from the duodenal region of the primitive embryonic gut between 4 and 10 weeks' gestation. The larger cranial…
To the radiologist who cares for adults, the exact age of a patient is rarely of great importance. To be sure, one approaches the chest radiograph of a 30-year-old differently from that of an 80-year-old. For the most part, however,…
Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in approximately 1% of all live births, or 40,000 births annually in the United States. It remains the leading cause of birth defect–associated death in infancy. Approximately 25% of CHD defects are…
Imaging Techniques and Indications Conventional Radiography Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of the upper airway and chest in children. Chest radiographs comprise about 40% of all pediatric imaging, in large part because congenital and acquired respiratory…
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Key points Definition: Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is typically a benign slowly progressing tumorlike process involving bone maturation in which normal cancellous bone is replaced by immature woven bone and fibrous tissue. Its predilection for the skull can cause serious orbital…
Key points Definition: Plasma cell tumors may present as a solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP), extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP), or multiple myeloma (MM). While orbital involvement is rare and may not be associated with MM at presentation, it habitually heralds the unwelcome…
Key points Definition: Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a systemic vasculitis causing necrosis and granulomatous inflammation, often presenting with a “runny nose.” Without modern treatment, most patients would quickly progress to death within a few short months. Synonym: granulomatosis with polyangiitis.…
Key points Definition: Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is a clinical entity characterized by intracranial hypertension in patients without other demonstrable intracranial disease, including but not limited to primary or secondary neoplasm. Synonyms: idiopathic intracranial hypertension, benign intracranial hypertension. Classic clue: Obese…
Key points Definition: Pott’s puffy tumor is an osteomyelitis with associated subperiosteal abscess collection usually related to frontal sinusitis or mastoiditis. It may extend into the orbit causing inflammation including cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess (OA), and cavernous sinus thrombosis.…