Background Placenta praevia and placenta accreta are a source of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. They are associated with increasing healthcare costs. Their incidence is rising as the number of Caesarean sections and maternal age increase. The importance of…
Introduction Amniotic fluid (AF) is an essential complex and dynamic environment that changes in nature and amount as pregnancy progresses. Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus during intrauterine development and normal levels are essential to fetal well-being. The presence of normal…
Introduction Since the introduction of ultrasound scanning into obstetric practice in UK in the 1980s, there has been a considerable change to the role of this test in antenatal care, which has been driven largely by developments in technology. In…
Introduction * Acknowledgement: This study was supported by a grant from the Fetal Medicine Foundation (Charity No: 1037116). Aneuploidies are major causes of perinatal death and childhood disability. Consequently, the detection of chromosomal disorders constitutes the most frequent indication for…
Introduction The first trimester of pregnancy is generally considered to be the first 13 completed weeks. In the past, first-trimester ultrasound has mainly been used to confirm fetal viability, establish pregnancy location, count the number of fetuses and assess gestational…
Introduction The most common interventional procedures in thoracic radiology are drainage of air or fluid collections followed by percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy (PTNB) of lung and mediastinal lesions. Other procedures are placement of localization markers in lung parenchyma to facilitate…
Introduction A standardized staging system is fundamental in delivering evidence-based treatment tailored to an individual patient. To determine the extent of a tumor and choose treatment strategies, an accurate staging system is essential. The stage of the tumor is the…
Lung cancer is suitable for screening because of identifiable risk factors that allow targeted screening of high-risk individuals, its significant prevalence, the existence of a preclinical phase, its high morbidity and mortality, and evidence that treatment in early-stage disease is…
Introduction A pulmonary nodule is defined as a rounded or irregular opacity measuring up to 3 cm in diameter. There are many etiologies, both benign and malignant, of lung nodules ( Table 22.1 ). Some opacities can resemble a nodule but…
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, accounting for more than 150,000 deaths each year. In addition to lung cancer, the chapter reviews primary malignant and benign pulmonary tumors more commonly encountered in clinical…