Sedation Sedation is the use of a drug or drugs to produce a state of depression of the central nervous system that enables interventional procedures or treatment to be carried out. Sedative drugs may be combined with drugs used for…
Methods of imaging the breast 1. Mammography 2. Ultrasound (US) 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4. Radionuclide imaging 5. Imaging-guided biopsy/pre-operative localization. Mammography Indications 1. Focal signs in women aged >40 years in the context of triple (i.e. clinical, radiological…
Methods of imaging the thyroid and parathyroid glands 1. Plain film (limited to crude assessment of superior mediastinal extension of thyroid goitre and any secondary tracheal displacement and narrowing) 2. Ultrasound (US) 3. Computed tomography (CT) 4. Magnetic resonance imaging…
Methods of imaging the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus 1. Conventional/digital subtraction dacryocystography 2. CT dacryocystography 3. Magnetic resonance dacryocystography. Further Reading Ansari SA, Pak J, Shields M: Pathology and imaging of the lacrimal drainage system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2005; 15:…
Methods of imaging the spine Many of the earlier imaging methods are now only of historical interest (e.g. conventional tomography, epidurography, epidural venography): 1. Plain films . These are widely available, but with low sensitivity. They are of questionable value…
Methods of imaging the brain Imaging the brain's structure and examining its physiology, both in the acute and elective setting, are now the domain of multiplanar, computer-assisted imaging. The imaging modalities in use today include the following: 1. Computed tomography…
Imaging modalities 1. Plain films . These are cheap, widely available and valuable screening tools in the preliminary assessment of osteoarticular symptoms. Standard views require a minimum of two views perpendicular to each other, e.g. antero-posterior and lateral projections. The…
Positron emission tomography imaging Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a technique used to detect and accurately stage malignant disease, to differentiate benign and malignant tissue, and to assess response to treatment. Until recently, PET imaging availability was restricted due…
Methods of imaging the venous system 1. Contrast venography 2. Ultrasound (US) 3. Impedance plethysmography 4. Radionuclide imaging 5. Computed tomography (CT) 6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Further Reading Kaufman JALee MJVascular and Interventional Radiology: The Requisites.2004.Elsevier-MosbyPhiladelphia: Scarvelis D, Wells…
Methods of imaging the arterial system 1. Catheter angiography 2. Ultrasound (US) 3. Computed tomography (CT) 4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Further Reading Collins R, Cranny G, Burch J, et. al.: A systematic review of duplex ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography…